1. Civilization Notes!

2. What Neolithic sites are being studied by archaeologists today?

3. TURKEY
Catal Hoyuk
Aleppo
FERTILE CRESCENT (in white)
Jericho
Aleppo and Jericho:
Two of the world’s earliest cities located in the Fertile Crescent, a region in the Middle East with rich soil for farming.

4. Aleppo
Why did they build this city on top of a hill?

5. Catalhoyuk:
An example of a large Neolithic settlement currently under excavation in Anatolia (present- day Turkey)

6. Stonehenge
an example of an archaeological site located in England. It was begun during the Neolithic and completed during the Bronze Age.

7. Civilization Writing – record keeping
Advanced technology (metal tools, irrigation systems, architecture)

8. What is a civilization?

9. Civilization:
A culture with cities, writing (record keeping), a system of government, religion, specialized workers, and advanced technology.

10. What is the key feature to the emergence of civilization?

11. The growth of cities
The first revolution -- farming -- led to the SECOND GREAT REVOLUTION in history. This revolution also occurred in MESOPOTAMIA and was THE BIRTH OF THE CITY.
More people were located in clusters.
They had a somewhat stable supply of food and a roof to sleep under.
Tasks could become more specialized.
There was enough stability that a variety of arts could be produced.
People could think about trading with other regions.

12. What caused cities to grow?

13. Farming Technology
Technology (better tools, plows, and irrigation) improved to the point that in fertile areas people were able to produce more food then they needed.
Over thousands of years farming technology improved to the point that in fertile areas humans were able to produce more food then they needed.

14. Agricultural Surplus Caused population to grow and trade to develop
(extra food)
Caused population to grow and trade to develop

15. What were the characteristics of early civilizations?

16. 1. System of Government 1. System of Government: Written Laws!!!
City-states, kingdoms, and empires
Power was often based on religious authority
Necessary to build and run large irrigation systems and other public works and to provide law and protection for the people.

17. Written Law Codes
Ten Commandments
Code of Hammurabi

18. 2. Stable Food Supply!
Extra food led to trade!

19. peasants 3. Social Classes merchants artisans scribes
Very small upper class: king, nobles, priests
Small middle class: artisans, scribes, merchants
Huge lower class: peasant farmers and laborers
Slavery at the bottom!
king priests
nobles
merchants
artisans
scribes
peasants

20. Slavery developed in most cultures

21. 4. Job Specialization:
An abundant food supply allowed this: people became expert at jobs besides farming (artisans, scribes, and merchants)
Goldsmithing above; brick laying below. Development of Specialized Occupations Artisans, merchants, scribes, and government. Officials led to new skills and knowledge. New ideas came from people trading with other people from other places.

22. Characteristics of Early Civilizations
5. Highly developed culture
This includes a system of writing, cities, religion, metal tools and weapons
Writing – record keeping
Advanced technology (metal tools, irrigation systems, architecture)

23. Written Language/ Record keeping
Written language developed from pictures
Pictograms – earliest written symbols
Writing developed to keep records as government, religion, and trade got more complex. Almost all ancient civilizations came up with some form of writing.

24. Polytheism
Belief in many gods
Practiced by most early civilizations

25. Metal Tools and Weapons
Bronze and iron
Bronze smelted from copper and tin
Egyptian Sword

26. The wheel and the sail allowed traders to transport more goods over longer distances.

27. Review
A complex society with cities, writing, government, religion, and advanced technology is called a culture or civilization?
What caused population to grow and trade to develop?
The earliest written languages developed from sounds or pictures?
Early civilizations learned how to make tools from bronze and iron or stone and wood?
City-states, kingdoms and empires are examples of job specialization or centralized governments?