1. Elena Wildner, CERN For the Beta Beam Team
XIV International Workshop on “Neutrino Telescopes”
March 15-18, 2011
Elena Wildner, CERN
For the Beta Beam Team
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 1

2. Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner
Outline
Today’s Workforce on the b-Beam facility
Recall Beta Beams
Why a Beta Beam?
Work on Isotope Production
Beta Beam options
Technical Challenges
Costing/Safety
Future Plans 2 2
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

3. The Beta Beam Facility Collaborations
FP6 “Research Infrastructure Action - Structuring the European Research Area” EURISOL DS Project Contract no RIDS)
Ended 2008
FP7 “Design Studies” (Research Infrastructures) EUROnu (Grant agreement no.: )
Ongoing work from 2008
Lasts until 2012
Contribution to the development of a beta beam facility is now going on mainly within EUROnu 3
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

4. Participating Institutes, EUROnu
Full Partners
CEA, Saclay
CERN, Geneva
LPSC, Grenoble
LNMCI, Grenoble
UCL, Louvain la Neuve
INFN, Legnaro
Associates
IAP, Novgorod
Technical University of Aachen, Aachen
Weizmann Institute of Science, Revohot
GSI, Darmstadt
Cockcroft Institute, Daresbury 4
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

5. Participants, EUROnu, beta beams
antoine.chance
 berkova
 Christian Hansen
christophe.trophime
Elena Benedetto
 Elena Wildner
francois.debray
 giacomo.deangelis
gianfranco.prete
 Gianluigi Arduini
 Gianmaria Collazuol
 graeme.burt
 lamy
 louis.latrasse
marco.cinausero
 mariej
 Mats Lindroos
mauro.mezzetto
 Michael Hass
Michel Martini
 nolen
 payet
Mailing list
semen.mitrofanov
 Achim Stahl
sva1
chattopadhyay
 thierry.delbar
Thierry Stora
thuillier
 tsviki
 vardaci
 Vasilis Vlachoudis
 vassilo
vittorio.palladino
vladimir.kravtchouk
 zorin
VOLPE Cristina (56251) 5
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

6. Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner
The Beta Beam concept
Aim: production of (anti-)neutrino beams from the beta decay of radio-active ions circulating in a storage ring with long straight sections.
Similar concept to the neutrino factory, but parent particle is a beta-active isotope instead of a muon.
Beta-decay at rest
n-spectrum well known from the electron spectrum
Reaction energy Q typically of a few MeV
Accelerate parent ion to relativistic gmax
Boosted neutrino energy spectrum: En  2gQ
Forward focusing of neutrinos:   1/g
Pure electron (anti-)neutrino beam!
Depending on b+- or b- - decay we get a neutrino or anti-neutrino
Two different parent ions for neutrino and anti-neutrino beams
Possible physics applications of a beta-beam
Primarily neutrino oscillation physics and CP-violation (high energy)
Cross-sections of neutrino-nucleus interaction, sterile neutrinos (low energy) 6
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

7. Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner
Beta beams at CERN
Use of CERN machines and infrastructures, existing technology
Bunching and first acceleration: ECR, linac
Rapid cycling synchrotron
Use of existing machines: PS and SPS
Relativistic gamma=100 for both ions
SPS allows maximum of 150 (6He) or 250 (18Ne)
Gamma choice optimized for physics reach
Opportunity to share detectors
Frejus, Gran Sasso, Canfranc ???
Minimum achievable rates for physics reach calculations
2.9*1018 anti-neutrinos from 6He
neutrinos from 18Ne
beta beams (CERN) 7
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

8. Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner
Motivation & Challenges
Beta Beam: a “cheep” option, with good reach
Use existing machines, infrastructures and technology
Gamma boost limited (upgrades of existing machines help)
We have to limit the size of the decay ring (cost)
High intensities in the accelerators is a challenge
Main activities to make the Beta Beam a solid option
Production of isotopes (simulations and experiments)
Ion collection and source (charge breeder) development
Stability of high intensity beams through the complex
Loss and radiation management
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

9. Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner
EUROnu physics
Gamma 100
Gamma 100
Gamma 350
Gamma 350
Gamma 350
M. Mezetto
Gamma 100 9
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

10. Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner
Beta Beams, g =100
Br ~ 500 Tm, B = ~6 T, C = ~6900 m, Lss= ~2500 m
g = 100, all ions
C. Rubbia
CERN Beta Beam baseline
Higher neutrino energies! BUT ~5 time higher intensities in the machines
The PS, the SPS and the infrastructure exist: crucial for costing 10
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

11. Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner
First study of the g =350 option
Br ~ 3200 Tm, B = ~26 T, C = ~6900 m, Lss= ~2500 m
Draft…
g = 350
g = 350
Costing is crucial: Gamma 350 needs an upgraded SPS, beta beams must be in the shadow of this (no plans at CERN for the time being).
A. Chance, C. Hansen, E. Wildner, M. Martini, A. Donini… 11
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

12. Isotope production rates
Aim: for low-Q
Targets below MWatt is preferred !!!
Type
Accelerator
Beam
Ibeam mA
Ebeam
MeV
Pbeam kW
Target
Isotope
Flux
S-1
Ok?
ISOL &
n-converter
SPL p
0.1
2 103
200
W/BeO
6He
Saraf/GANIL d 15 40
600
C/BeO
ISOL
Linac 4 6
160
700
19F
Molten NaF loop
18Ne
Cyclo/Linac 10 70
LinacX1
3He
> 170 21
3600
MgO
80 cm disk
P-Ring
LinacX2
0.160 25 4
7Li
8Li
6Li 8B
Need experiments
Experimentally OK
On paper, may be OK
Not OK yet
T. Stora, P Valko, E. Benedetto, E. Wildner…
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

13. Experiments 18Ne for Beta Beams
Measure production and release from a sodium target at ISOLDE
Proposal sent to INTC (ISOLDE and Neutron Time-of-flight Committee)
Accepted !!
Molten salt loop to produce 18Ne !
Experimental setup and measurements, from May 2011
The ne beam needs production of Ne/s
Theoretically possible
with 10 mA 70 MeV protons on NaF
We need measurements of the crossection 19F(p, 2n)18Ne !
T. Stora, P. Valko
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

14. The Production Ring (8B and 8Li)
Production of 8B and 8Li
C. Rubbia, EUROnu proposal
Gas Jet target proposed in FP7: too high density
Vacuum problems
NEW: Try Direct Production (D. Neuffer)
Basic lattice and 6D tracking ok, RF feasible (10 MHz, 300 kV)
Charge exchange injection to be designed
Direct kinematics could give good production efficiencies
Simulations done so far can be scaled, tune for cooling
Experiment/simulations at ERIT, (FFAG solution, larger aperture)
Experiment/simulations at TSR, ion storage ring, Heidelberg or CERN
Aachen Univ., GSI, CERN 14
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

15. Low energy beta beams in the TSR
Beta Beam experiments have been proposed at this facility:
T. Stora, E. Wildner, C. Volpe,
E. Fernandez-Martinez
Experiments for beam-cooling in beta beam production ring
Ionization cooling, isotope production/collection with internal targets
Radiation aspects
Physics issues might be covered by measurements of the neutrino magnetic moment, neutrino-nucleus coherent scattering, neutrino-nucleus cross sections (C. Volpe, J. Phys. G30 (2004), L1, hep-ph/ ; J .Phys. G 34 (2007) R1, hep-ph/ ), constraints on sterile neutrinos, (Agarvalla et. al. arXiv: v2) 15
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

16. Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner
Managing intensities: “Ion Cocktails” 1
Collective effects important
Less collective effects
Less collective effects
We can get 8Li “easily”, but not 8B
Summary by A. Donini
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

17. Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner
Managing intensities: “Ion Cocktails” 2
Interesting
Summary by A. Donini
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

18. Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner
Collective Effects limits, Decay Ring
Only Transverse Mode Coupling Instabilities
Recent Encouraging results, redesigned decay ring
Phase slip factor changed
CERN, CEA 18
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

19. Collective Effects limits, Decay Ring
Two beams, LHC style double bore Magnets !?
Larger Apertures
Recent Encouraging results, redesigned decay ring
Phase slip factor changed 19
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

20. Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner
Decay Ring Redesign
Lattices for low-Q and high-Q options (2009)
Optimization (stronger magnets) to gain 10 % intensities done
However, as shown, collective effects are a problem
New lattice with lower phase slip (2011) 20
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

21. Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner
g =350 Decay Ring
Draft…
Decay ring the same size as the gamma 100 decay ring
Flux after straight section the same as for the gamma 100 ring
Duty factors can be reduced
We need an accelerator to give gamma 350 (SPS upgrade!?)
Superconducting magnets of 26 T not realistic for 20 years, means larger arcs
20 T magnets may be envisaged, short models in 20 years…
Price related to superconductor and iron volume (aperture) in addition to a necessary bulk cost for development and tooling
Collective effects improved
Detailed studies needed (septa, RF, Radiation…)
Not in the mandate of EUROnu (low priority)
L. Bottura, A. Chance, C. Hansen, M. Martini, G. de Rijk, E. Wildner 21
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

22. Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner
Max ion intensities in DR, g =350
Relaxed DF
Intensity limit goes down with energy
Higher intensity needed (slower decay) 22
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

23. 8Li X-sections and distributions
Comparison between the experimental peak energy at different lab angles and the values (curves) expected from two-body kinematics and different excited states of 8Li.
INFN, Legnaro 23
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner
E.Vardaci

24. X-sections, Energies and Angles, Li and B
2011
Proposal Accepted
INFN, Legnaro 24
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner
E.Vardaci

25. Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner
Collection device
Device constructed, measurement equipment on line
Commissioning ok
Measurements/Analysis ongoing for the collected 8Li
Direct kinematics should be discussed
Setup and measurements for 8B production and collection ongoing
CRC, Louvain la Neuve
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

26. 60 GHz Source Challenges 1) Beam extracted from the cusp
A test bench to study SEISM 28GHz plasma
Mélanie MARIE-JEANNE th WP4 - Legnaro, Italy
28GHz SEISM
2x15000A - 1.5MW
mass separation dipole
extraction optics
2) Charge state distribution
all charge states
calibrated leak
one charge state
O6+
O5+
O3+
O2+ O+
O4+,...
Xen+
1) Beam extracted from the cusp
3) Pulsed mode tests (pulse duration, efficiency) 26 26
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

27. Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner
ECR 60 GHz Source Tests
28 GHz-10 kW gyrotron at LPSC is available
First experiment with this gyrotron
Finalize HV insulation, vacuum, HF port, gas inlet of source
60 GHz gyrotron at IAP, Novgorod: Installation at LPSC funding dependent
Magnet time availability not evident for 60 GHz
ECR efficiency : experimental verification of gyrotron data
Confidence needed: can experimental program fly (funding ?)
The SEISM Collaboration
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

28. Duty factor and RF Cavities
1014 ions circulating ,
~0.5% duty (supression) factor for atmospheric neutrino background suppression !!!
....
20 bunches, 5.2 ns long, distance 23*4 nanosseconds
filling 1/11 of the Decay Ring, repeated every 23
microseconds
Work on HW feasibility by
Cockroft institute/Lancaster Univ.
First results will be presented in June 2011 28 28
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

29. Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner
Radiation issues
Open midplane magnet for Decay Ring (2009)
Internal absorbers between short dipoles
Result not entirely satisfactory (2008)
Magnets at quench limit
Thick liners in the magnets an alternative?
Modelled in FLUKA
Not conclusive
Vacuum ?
Safety
Work on collimation system to be continued (crystals? )
SPS is still to be studied
Other machines ok for baseline using CERN rules (S. Trovati)
Have to be checked for 8B and 8Li with high intensities 29
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

30. Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner
Implementation and Costing
Part of EUROnu mandate
Synergy bB/SB
Place bB on site * 2
Place SB (SPL ?)
Radiation
Integration (CLIC, other?)
Costing excersise
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

31. Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner
Continuation (2011-
Experiments on 18Ne production (molten salt loop)
Cooling and production simulations for 8Li and 8B
Cross-section measurements of 8B
Experimental setups for Heidelberg Ring and for a cyclotron
8B collection setup and experiment
ECR fields for plasma -> A (structures supra…), Gyrotron tests, beam extraction, Proto -> ECR Source
Collective effects studies, all machines, DR optimization
Participation in upgrades of injectors for LHC
Decay Ring RF, technical feasibility studies
Costing and Safety, for performance/cost evaluation (EUROnu)
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

32. Thank you for your attention Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner 32 32
Neutel11, Beta Beams, Elena Wildner

33. PR: Gas Jet Targets and Cooling (GSI)
We need cm-2 !!
Neutrino 2010 (Athens): Beta Beams, Elena Wildner