1. The Skeletal System and Identification of Skeletal Remains
Objective: To learn how to determine sex and ethnicity using skeletal remains

2. Brainpop
Periosteum
Marrow
Ligaments
Tendons
Cartilage

3. Function of Bones Support and _______ internal ______ Give _________
Provide a place for __________
Store _________
Some bones produce ________

4. A couple of things to ponder
How do bones and muscles work together to make the body move?
Why do babies have more bones in their bodies than adults?

5. Long Bones What is the epiphyseal line? What is the endosteum?
What is the function of articular cartilage?

6. Haversian Canal
What are the haversian canals?

7. Bone Marrow
Red marrow:
Found:
Function:
Yellow marrow-

8. The Human Skeleton

9. The bones in green form the axial skeleton
The bones in purple form the appendicular skeleton

10. Commonly Asked Bone Questions
How many sets of ribs do humans have?
How many sets of ribs are connected to the sternum?
Are human bones hollow?

11. Summary Questions What enables the periosteum to sense pain?
Why do red blood cells lack nuclei?
Are blood vessels found only in the periosteum?

12. How do bones heal?
_____ must continue and the __________ must remain intact
Why ?
Then __________

13. Ossification AKA Bone Development
When _______ is replaced by ________
Do all bones go through ossification?

14. How Bones Develop
_________ develop and release minerals between ________ cells.
This results in _________

15. Bone Elongation (Growth)
Begins near the _______ of long bones
This area is called the __________
How do bones elongate?

16. Bone Remodeling
When osteoclasts _______ old bone so ________ can replace it with new ________
Occurs ________

17. Wolff’s Law
States that bones due to _______ __________
E.x.

18. Sex Determination: The Skull
2ND most useful in ________ ______
Affected by ________

19. The Male Skull

20. Male Skull Size: Nuchal Area: Chin: Browridges: Forehead: Mandible:
Mastoid Process:
Inion Hook:

21. Nuchal Area

22. The Female Skull

23. Female Skull Size: Nuchal Area: Chin: Browridges: Forehead: Mandible:
Mastoid Process:
Inion Hook:

24. Identify the Skull

25. Male vs Female Forehead

26. Male vs Female Chin

27. Summary Questions Why are haversian canals essential to bone growth?
What is the difference between Wolff’s Law and Bone Remodeling?
Determine the sex of a skull with small browridges, a large mandible and an inion hook.

28. Sex Determination: The Pelvis
Why use the pelvis?
Features used the _____ and _______

29. Pelvic Bone Male vs Female

30. Male Pelvis Size: Pubic Shape: Sub-pubic Angle: Shape of Sacrum:
Pelvic Inlet:

31. Female Pelvis Size: Pubic Shape: Sub-pubic Angle: Shape of Sacrum:
Pelvic Inlet:

32. Determine the Sex of each Pelvis
A B

33. Summary Questions
Why does the sacrum in females need to be shorter and wider than the sacrum of males?
Determine the sex of a pelvis with a heart shaped pelvic inlet, and a V-shaped sub-pubic angle.

34. Skull Chart Trait Male Female Size Nuchal Area Inion Hook Chin
Browridges
Forehead
Mandible
Mastoid Process

35. The Skull and Ethnicity

36. Determine the Ethnicity

37. Determine the Ethnicity

38. Determine the Ethnicity

39. Determine Sex and Ethnicity

40. Example #1
Determine the ethnicity of a skull with an indented cranium and a wide nasal opening

41. Example #2
Determine the ethnicity of a skull with a “W” shaped chin, a wide ramus and shovel shaped incisors

42. Example #3
Determine the sex and ethnicity of a skull with large browridges, an inion hook, a metopic traceS and a “W” shaped chin

43. Joints Place where ______ bones ______ 1. 2. 3.
Held together by ___________
Types: 1. 2. 3.

44. Identify the type of joint

45. Identify the type of joint

46. Joints of the Human Body
Type of Joint
Description of Movement
Examples in the Human Body
Fixed
Semimovable
Movable
Hinge-
Ball and Socket-
Pivot-
Saddle-
Gliding-

47. Types of Movable Joints
Type of Movable Joint
Function
Example
Hinge Joint
Ball and Socket Joint
Pivot Joint
Gliding Joint
Saddle Joint

48. Joint Structure Ligaments- connect ________ to bones
Tendons- connect _______ to bone