1. Vowel Formants 1

2. A little acoustic phonetics
The vocal folds vibrate at a certain frequency 2

3. A little acoustic phonetics
The vocal folds vibrate at a certain frequency
That frequency is what we perceive at pitch 3

4. A little acoustic phonetics
The vocal folds vibrate at a certain frequency
That frequency is what we perceive at pitch
Multiples of that frequency are also created
100hz wave also makes 200, 300, 400, etc. 4

5. A little acoustic phonetics
Multiples of the fundamental frequency are harmonics 5

6. A little acoustic phonetics
Multiples of the fundamental frequency are harmonics
Mouth shape amplifies some harmonics and subdues others 6

7. A little acoustic phonetics
Groups of harmonics that are amplified are called formants
The lowest is F1 7

8. A little acoustic phonetics
Vowels differ in their formant frequencies
F1 height
F2 frontness 8

9. A little acoustic phonetics
Cheek flip to hear F2 9

10. Vowel modifications
Nasalization-lower velum 10

11. Vowel modifications Nasalization-lower velum
Retroflexion-Curl tongue up
Rhotacization-non-curled “r” sound 11

12. Vowel modifications Nasalization-lower velum
Retroflexion-Curl tongue up
Rhotacization-non-curled “r” sound
Retroflexion and Rhoticization both produce “r” sounds
Mother moth[ɚ]
Bird b[ɝ]d
Further [fɝðɚ] 12

13. Prosodic features
Speech is not series of sounds lined up next to each other
How many sounds? 13

14. Prosodic features
Speech is not series of sounds lined up next to each other
How many sounds? 14

15. Prosodic features
Without changing phones, how can you change ‘implant’? 15

16. Prosodic features
Without changing phones, how can you change ‘implant’?
IM plant im PLANT (stress) 16

17. Prosodic features
Without changing phones, how can you change ‘implant’?
IM plant im PLANT (stress)
Ìmplant ímplant împlant (tone) 17

18. Prosodic features
Without changing phones, how can you change ‘implant’?
IM plant im PLANT (stress)
Ìmplant ímplant împlant (tone)
Tone and stress are prosodic, above and beyond the phone 18

19. Prosodic features Volume Some sounds are inherently more loud, why?
[z] vs. [s]
[I] vs. [a]
[s] vs. [ʃ]
[ʃ] vs. [ʒ] 19

20. Prosodic features
Stress involves more initiatory power (more air from lungs) 20

21. Prosodic features
Stress involves more initiatory power (more air from lungs)
Stressed vs. stressless syllables
'implant vs. im'plant
'recess vs. re'cess
'address vs. a'ddress
'pervert vs. per'vert 21

22. Prosodic features
Is stress contrastive in English? 22

23. Prosodic features Is stress contrastive in English?
Languages where stress is not contrastive? 23

24. Prosodic features Is stress contrastive in English?
Languages where stress is not contrastive?
French 24

25. Prosodic features Stress involves pitch also
Stressed syllables have higher pitch
'implant vs. im'plant
'recess vs. re'cess
'address vs. a'ddress
'pervert vs. per'vert 25

26. Prosodic features Stress involves duration also
Stressed syllables are longer
'implant vs. im'plant
'recess vs. re'cess
'address vs. a'ddress
'pervert vs. per'vert 26

27. Prosodic features Words in a sentence can be stressed or unstressed
I LIKE to be a good HUSBAND
There’s a REALLY good MOVIE at EIGHT 27

28. Prosodic features Stress can change sentence meaning
Jim bought a red car
JIM bought a red car
Jim BOUGHT a red car
Jim bought A red car
Jim bought a RED car
Jim bought a red CAR 28

29. Syllable
How many syllables in
through 29

30. Syllable
How many syllables in
Through
hollow 30

31. Syllable
How many syllables in
Through
Hollow
Instrumentalistic 31

32. Syllable
Can [e] be a syllable? 32

33. Syllable Can [e] be a syllable? Can [k] be a syllable?
Can [ɝ] be a syllable? 33

34. Syllable Can [e] be a syllable? Can [k] be a syllable?
Can [ɝ] be a syllable? ‘err’ 34

35. Syllable Can [e] be a syllable? Can [k] be a syllable?
Can [ɝ] be a syllable? ‘err’
Can [la] be a syllable? 35

36. Syllable Can [e] be a syllable? Can [k] be a syllable?
Can [ɝ] be a syllable? ‘err’
Can [la] be a syllable?
Can [ɛk] be a syllable? 36

37. Syllable Can [e] be a syllable? Can [k] be a syllable?
Can [ɝ] be a syllable? ‘err’
Can [la] be a syllable?
Can [ɛk] be a syllable?
Can [kt] be a syllable? 37

38. Syllable
What is required in a syllable? 38

39. Syllable What is required in a syllable? A vowel or vowel like phone
i.e. a pulse of initiatory activity
This is the nucleus of the syllable 39

40. Syllable
Possible English syllbles V
a.llow 40

41. Syllable
Possible English syllbles V
a.llow CV
fa.ther 41

42. Syllable Possible English syllbles V a.llow CV fa.ther CCV fla.pping42

43. Syllable
Possible English syllbles
CCCV? 43

44. Syllable
Possible English syllbles
CCCV?
Stre.ched 44

45. Syllable
Possible English syllbles
CCCV?
Stre.ched
CCCCV? 45

46. Syllable Possible English syllbles CCCV? Stre.ched CCCCV?
What about ‘moNSTRous’? 46

47. Syllable Possible English syllbles CCCV? Stre.ched CCCCV?
What about ‘moNSTRous’?
Mon.strous 47

48. Syllable
Possible English syllbles VC
al.tar 48

49. Syllable
Possible English syllbles VC
al.tar
VCC? 49

50. Syllable
Possible English syllbles VC
al.tar
VCC?
mend 50

51. Syllable
Possible English syllbles VC
al.tar
VCC?
Mend
VCCC? 51

52. Syllable
Possible English syllbles VC
al.tar
VCC?
Mend
VCCC?
mends 52

53. Syllable
Possible English syllbles
VCCCC? 53

54. Syllable
Possible English syllbles
VCCCC?
Sixths [sɪksөs] 54

55. Syllable A syllable must have a nucleus (initiation)
May have momentary retardations of the initiation in form of consonants 55

56. Syllable
Syllable structure
Shows that nucleus and coda are unit 56

57. Syllable
Evidence for rhyme
We rhyme things with same rhyme 57

58. Syllable Evidence for rhyme We rhyme things with same rhyme
We keep rhyme together
br|eak| f|ast| l|unch| >
br|unch| not breanch 58

59. Syllable Evidence for rhyme We rhyme things with same rhyme
We keep rhyme together
br|eak| f|ast| l|unch| >
br|unch| not breanch
sm|oke| [o] f|og| [a] >
sm|og| [a] not smog [o] 59

60. Pitch
High pitch is often used to mark stressed syllable 60

61. Pitch High pitch is often used to mark stressed syllable
Intonation: pitch over many words 61

62. Pitch High pitch is often used to mark stressed syllable
Intonation: pitch over many words
Changes meaning of sentence 62

63. Intonation Rising pitch at end mean yes/no question Are you coming?
Did you eat? 63

64. Intonation Rising pitch at end mean yes/no question Are you coming?
Did you eat?
Falling pitch means non-yes/no question
When are you coming?
What did you eat? 64

65. Intonation Falling pitch means statement I’m coming at 11 I ate squid65

66. Intonation Falling pitch means statement I’m coming at 11 I ate squid
Suspended pitch means statement not finished
I bought eggs, milk, cheese, and noodles. 66

67. Intonation Upspeak: using rising pitch on statements
So I call my friend, and he’s not home, and I’m wondering if he on his way . . . 67

68. Intonation
What meaning is conveyed with falling pitch on yes/no question?
Are you coming to the party?
Have you done your homework? 68

69. Intonation
What meaning is conveyed with rising pitch on non-yes/no question?
What time did you get there? 69

70. Intonation
What meaning is conveyed with rising pitch on non-yes/no question?
What time did you get there?
Asking for reaffirmation
A: What time did you get there? (Falling)
B: At 11
A: What time did you get there? (Rising) 70

71. Intonation What meaning is conveyed with rising pitch on the answer
A: Where are you from?
B: Cupertino (Rising) 71

72. Tone
Falls on single syllable in a word
Changes meaning of word 72

73. Tone
Many languages use tone
Major exception is IndoEuropean 73

74. Duration Long vowel are called long vowels
Long consonants are called geminates 74

75. Duration Long consonants are called geminates
[n] is a geminate in ‘unnatural’
[p] is not a geminate in ‘appear’ 75

76. Duration Long consonants are called geminates
[n] is a geminate in ‘unnatural’
[p] is not a geminate in ‘appear’
It isn’t longer
It is an orthographic not phonetic geminate 76

77. Duration Long vowels are called long vowels not geminates
‘ee’ in ‘feet’ is not a long vowel
[i] is short in both ‘Pete’ and ‘feet 77

78. Duration Long vowels are called long vowels not geminates
‘ee’ in ‘feet’ is not a long vowel
[i] is short in both ‘Pete’ and ‘feet
‘ee’ is an orthographic long vowel 78

79. Duration
Vowels in syllables ending in voiced fricatives and stops are long
‘sad’ vs. ‘sat’
‘teeth’ vs. ‘teethe’
‘aitch’ vs. ‘age’ 79