1. Prokaryote and Metabolism
Found everywhere
More bacteria in mouth than the total number of people who have ever lived.
Minority that cause disease
Bubonic plague TB
Cholera
STD’s
Food poisoning
Beneficial
Carbon cycle
Decomposers
Symbiosis (mitochondria)

2. Traditional 5 Kingdom System
Kingdom Monera
All prokaryotes
Based on structural difference b/w proK and euK
By comparing RNA w/ sequence of genomes
Two major branches of proK
Bacteria
Archaea

3. Development of Domains
Domain Archaea
Antiquity
Extreme environments
Like early earth’s
Domain Bacteria
Modern organisms
Current environment

4. Structure and Function
Shapes:
Cocci
Bacilli
Helical
Cell wall outside of plasma membrane
Peptidoglycan: Gram Positive (AB sensitive)
LPS: Gram Negative (AB insensitive)
Capsule: sticky secretion, protective layer, adhere to substratum

5. Motility:
Pili: surface attaching device
Flagella: movement, differs from eukaryotes
Not part of cell membrane
Slime trails, taxis

6. Reproduction & Adaptation
Transformation: proK cell takes up genes from surrounding environment. Genetic Transfer b/w proK cells. Cross species
Conjugation: direct transfer of genes from one cell to another
Transduction: virus helps to exchange genes b/w cells

7. Metabolism Photoautotrophs: cyanobacteria
Chemoautotrophs: stone eaters/oxidizers
Photoheterotrophs:
Chemoheterotrophs:
Saprobes
Parasites
Relationship to O2
Obligate aerobe
Facultative anaerobes
Obligate anaerobes
Photosynthesis

8. Environments Extremophiles: extreme environments
Methanogens: methane producers, swamps, obligate anaerobes
Extreme Halophiles
Extreme Thermophiles

9. Ecological Impact Symbiotic: relationship w/ host organism
Mutualism: both benefit
Commensalism: one benefites, no harm to other
Parasitism: harm to host
Opportunistic:
Kosh’s Postulates
Exotoxins: secretes proteins
Endotoxins : part of cell wall
Opportunistic: normal residence of host, but can cause illness when host immune is weaken

10. Koch’s Postulates ID Antrax and Tb bacteria (1800’s)
Developed guidelines to determine agent.
Still used today
Find same pathogen in each diseased individual
Isolate the pathogen from a disease subject and grow (pure culture)
Induce disease in experimental animals by transferring cultured pathogen.
Isolate SAME pathogen from experimental animals

11. Exotoxins Endotoxins Bioremediation: Proteins secreted by bacteria
Clostridium botulinum: exotoxin produces disease botulism. 1grams could kill a million
Vibrio cholera: cholera
E. coli: traveler’s diarrhea
Endotoxins
Components of outer membrane
Gram negative
Salmonella typhi: typhoid fever
Bioremediation:
Use of organisms to remove pollutants from water, air, and soil

12. The Nasties
necrotizing fasciitis
syphillus
Gonorrea
Clyamidia
Leprosy