1. PACKET 11: Health & Disease

2. Kingdom Archaebacteria
Domain Bacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria
Domain Archaea
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Protista
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Animalia
For 2 billion years, the prokaryotes were the only life form on the planet.
These first life forms were very _____________ cells… spheres with genetic material inside. No _____________ and no membrane bound _____________________.
These simple cells changed as their ___________ mutated. Some mutations were harmful, others were beneficial and others just created new variations with no advantage. The accumulation of these changes created organisms with a great diversity in size, shape and means of survival.
SIMPLE
NUCLEUS
ORGANELLES
DNA

3. Shapes of Bacteria: HETEROTROPHS AUTOTROPHS Obtaining energy:
Coccus – Circular
Bacillus – Rod shaped
Spirillium - spiral
Obtaining energy:
Some bacteria are ______________________ and must consume other compounds for food/energy, others
Other bacteria are _____________________ and can produce their own food/energy using light or chemicals
HETEROTROPHS
AUTOTROPHS
Bacteria
Bacterial Growth
Bacteria Shapes & Motion

4. Notable Features: BACTERIA
FLAGELLUM
____________________ – used for movement (swimming)
Pili – look like cilia, but don’t move. They allow bacteria to stick to surfaces (like velcro).
Cell Wall – protection against lysis (cell breaking)
______________________ – extra protective layer around cell wall. Helps bacteria survive in hostile conditions (like in your stomach).
CAPSULE

5. Where are bacteria?
Bacteria exist all around us, in the air we breathe, on the surfaces we touch, on our skin, and within us.
Many bacteria do not actually harm us. In fact they can be helpful to us. Bacteria are responsible for:
turning milk to yogurt, adding flavor to foods
breaking down dead leaves into soil
helping break down food in our digestive system (symbiosis).

6. How do Bacteria Reproduce:
________________________________ - form of asexual reproduction where the DNA is copied and the cell splits in two forming clones.
________________________________ - form of sexual reproduction where two cells meet up and exchange pieces of DNA – helps increase genetic diversity
BINARY FISSION
CONJUGATION

7. Virus vs. Bacteria LIVING NON-LIVING BIT BIGGER VERY SMALL
REPRODUCE ON OWN
CANNOT REPRODUCE
ON OWN
CAUSE DISEAESE
DNA &/OR RNA

8. DISEASES VIRUS VIRUS VIRUS BACTERIA Disease Source: Viral or Bacterial
What it does…
Treatment
HIV
Destroys helper T cells, which are part of the immune system and then body cannot fight infections that the normal person can
No cure but drugs have been developed to control the virus.
Problem – HIV is constantly mutating
Influenza
Causes body aches, fever, sore throat, stuffy nose, headache & fatigue
Flu vaccine can help prevent the virus, otherwise time
Smallpox
Deadly disease that causes pustules (bumps on body filled with pus), high fever, fatigue
Due to a vaccination program, smallpox has been eliminated
Streptococcus
Causes strep throat, fever, sore throat, swollen glands
Antibiotics
VIRUS
VIRUS
VIRUS
BACTERIA

9. 2 Types of Immunity PASSIVE IMMUNITY ACTIVE IMMUNITY
________________________ – short-term immunity when antibodies produced for a pathogen injected into the body or a mother gives a baby short term immunity until the infant can make its own antibodies
Ex: being injected w/ antibodies that attack a rabies virus after being bitten
Receiving vaccines before going to another country
________________________ - body makes own antibodies in response to an antigen
ACTIVE IMMUNITY

10. Antibodies and Antigens:
________________ – substance not recognized by the body that causes an immune response
Antibody –  
proteins that recognize and bind to antigens

11. Treatment of Bacterial Infections:
ANTIBIOTICS
________________________________ – block the growth or reproduction of bacteria (can’t be used to fight viruses)
Taken after an infection has started Ex: Take antibiotics for strep throat.

12. VACCINES
_______________________________ – solutions containing weakened or killed pathogens (a pathogen is anything that causes disease)
Taken prior to an infection to build antibodies against the pathogen
Sometimes antibiotics were prescribed for viral infections. Viruses cannot be killed by antibiotics. There are ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­______________________ medications that treat viral infections by preventing the virus from developing.
ANTIVIRAL

13. How does a virus infect cells?
How does a body try and fight off an infection?