1. Satish Pradhan Dnyanasadhana College, Thane. Department of Chemistry M
Satish Pradhan Dnyanasadhana College, Thane. Department of Chemistry M.Sc. Analytical Chemistry Sem-I Language of Analytical Chemistry by Dr.G.R.Bhagure

2. Language of Analytical Chemistry (8L)
1.1.1 Analytical Perspective, Common analytical Problems, terms involved in Analytical Chemistry(analysis, determination, measurement, techniques, methods, procedures and protocol)
1.1.2 An overview of analytical methods of analytical methods, types of instrumental methods, instruments for analysis, data domains, electrical and non electrical domains, detectors, transducers and sensors, selection of an analytical method, accuracy, precision, selectivity, sensitivity, detection limit and dynamic range

3. 1.1.3 Errors,determinate errors,and Indeterminate errors,types of determinte errors,takaling of errors.
1.1.4 Quntitive methods of analysis: calibration curve, standard addition and internal standard methods

4. 1.2 Quality in Analytical Chemistry (7L)
1.2.1 Quality Management Systems (QMS)
Evolution and significance of Quality Management Systems ,
Types of quality standards for Laboratories,
Total quality management(TQM)
Philosophy implementation of TQM(Reference of Kaizen,six sigma approch & 5S)
Quality Audits &reviews,
Responsibility of Laboratory staff for quality and problems

5. 1.2.2 Safety in Laboratories
Basic concepts of safety in Laboratories, Personal Protection equipment (PPE) OSHA ,
Toxic Hazard(TH) classifications, Hazardous Chemical Processes including (processs calorimetry/thermal build up concepts)

6. Accreditations
Accreditation of Laboratories, Introduction to ISO series, Indian Government Standard
(ISI, Hallmark, Agmark)
1.2.4 Good Laboratory Practices (GLP)
Principle,Objective,OECD Guidelines,
The USFDA 21 CFR 58, Klimisch score

7. Definition of
Analytical Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry is branch of chemistry which deals with the study of theory and practice of methods used to determine composition of matter.

8. The Analytical Perspective
What is the “analytical perspective”? Many analytical chemists describe this perspective as an analytical approach to solving problems. Although there are probably as many descriptions of the analytical approach as there are analytical chemists, it is convenient for our purposes to treat it as a five-step process:

9. 1. Identify and define the problem.
The Analytical Perspective
1. Identify and define the problem.
2. Design the experimental procedure.
3. Conduct an experiment, and gather data.
4. Analyze the experimental data.
5. Propose a solution to the problem.

10. 1
Determine the type of information nedded
Qualitative, Quantitative ,characterisation or fundamental 2
Identify interferent
Select method
Establish validation data
Establish samplinng startagy 3
Calibrate Instruments and equipments
Standerdise reagent
Gather data 4
Reduce or transform data
Analyse statstics
verify results
Interpretate results 5
Conduct external evaluation

11. Common Analytical Modules
❖ Qualitative Analysis – Identification of components from a sample
❖ Quantitative Analysis - Estimation of ‘how much’ of a component is present
❖ Characterization Analysis
❖ Fundamental Analysis

12. Term Involved in Analytical Chemistry :
Analysis:
Analyte's:
Matrix:
Determination:
Measurement:
Technique:
Method:
Procedure:
Protocol:

13. The Language of Analytical Chemistry1
Analysis: A process that provides chemical or physical information about the constituents in the sample or the sample itself. 2
Analyte's: The constituents of interest in a sample. 3
Matrix: All other constituents in a sample except for the analyte's. 4
Determination: An analysis of a sample to find the identity, concentration, or properties of the analyte. 5
Measurement: An experimental determination of an analyte’s chemical or physical properties.

14. The Language of Analytical Chemistry6
Technique: A chemical or physical principle that can be used to analyze a sample. 7
Method: A method is the application of a technique for the determination of a specific analyte in a specific matrix. 8
Procedure: Written directions outlining how to analyze a sample. 9
Protocol: a protocol is a set of stringent written guidelines detailing the procedure that must be followed if the agency specifying the protocol is to accept the results of the analysis.
Protocols are commonly encountered when analytical chemistry is used to support or define public policy.

15. Analytical Methods
Chemical methods
Physical Methods

16. Physical Change

17. Chemical Change
Combustion of Fuel

18. Chemical Methods of Analysis
Classification of
Chemical Methods of Analysis
Gravimetry or
Gravimetric analysis
Volumetry
Volumetric analysis

19. Chemical reaction / change
Precipitation
Neutralization
Oxidation
Reduction
Complexation

20. Analytical Technique developed on Precipitation Reaction
Gravimetry
Metal ion
Non Metal ion
Chemical Methods

21. Volumetry Chemical Methods
Analytical Technique based on Chemical Reaction
Volumetry
Acid Base Titration
Precipitation Titration
Complexometric Titrations
Redox Titration
Chemical Methods

22. Technique based on Oxidation Reaction
Elemental Analyzer
Carbon
Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Sulphur

23. Classification of Instrumental methods
Optical methods
Electroanlytical methods
Separation methods
Miscellaneous methods

24. Optical Property Optical Methods Absorption Emission Scattering
Fluorescence
Phosphorescence
Optical Activity
Optical Methods

25. Optical methods Absorption spectroscopy Emission spectroscopy.
Atomic absorption Spectroscopy.
Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy
Fluorophotometry
Turbidimetry and Nephelometry
Raman Spectroscopy

26. Technique based on the Principles of Absorption of Light
UV-Visible Spectroscopy
IR Spectroscopy
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

27. Single Beam COLRIMETER
Radiation Source Collimating Lens Filter Sample Cell Photocell Read Out Device

28. SINGLE BEAM SPECTROPHOTOMETER
Radiation Source
Collimating Lense
O.2
Read out Meter Amplifier PMT Detector Sample Cuvette Grating
SINGLE BEAM SPECTROPHOTOMETER

29. DOUBLE BEAM SPECTROPHOTOMETER
PMT Detector
Blank Cuvette
Mirror
Grating Tungsten Lamp
Read
Out
Meter
Mirror
Sample Cuvette
Mirror Deuterium Lamp
PMT Detector
DOUBLE BEAM SPECTROPHOTOMETER

30. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
62 different metals
Rotating Chopper
Hollow
Cathode
Lamp
P.M.T.Detector
Flame
Amplifier
Read Out
Grating
 Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, both professors at the University of Heidelberg, Germany.
The modern form of AAS 1950s by a team of Australian chemists. They were led by Sir Alan Walsh 
Power
Supply
Sample Solution

31. Technique based on the Principles of atomic Emission of Light
Flame Emission Spectroscopy
Photoemission or Photoelectron spectroscopy
(ESCA )
Inductively Coupled plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

32. Flame Photometer Na, Mg, K, Li Slit Collimating Mirror P.M.T.Detector
Amplifier
Read Out
Fuel
Oxidant
Prism Monochromator
Sample Solution

33. ICPAES SPCTROMETER Amplifier 60 metals can be determined up to
PMT Detector
Plasma
Monochromator
Amplifier
Computer System Read out device system
ICPAES SPCTROMETER
Nebulizer
60 metals can be determined up to

34. Phosphorence Spectroscopy
Technique developed on the Principles of Molecular Emission of Light
Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Phosphorence Spectroscopy

35. Instrument: Single Beam Fluorimeter
Sample Cell
U.V. Light & visible light
Primary filter
Secondary filter
Photocell /PMT detector
Read Out Device

36. Phosphorimeter
PMT detector
Read Out Device

37. Technique based on the Principles of Scattering of Light
Turbidimetry
Suitable for Large Particle size
Drinking water
Nephelometry
Suitable for Small Particle size
Medicinal preparation like saline, eye drops

38. Turbidimeter visible light Filter Photocell Detector Read Out Device
Sample Cell
visible light
Filter

39. Nephelometer visible light Light Trap Photocell Detector Sample Cell
Graduated Disc
Collimating Lens
Light Trap
visible light
Photocell Detector
Sample Cell
Read Out Device

40. Polarimeter Polarizer Monochromatic light Analyzer Sample Cell
Monochromatic light nonlinear

41. Electrical Conductivity
Electrical Property
Electrical Conductivity
Emf Of Cell
Diffusion Current
Electric Charge
Resistivity
Electrical Impedance

42. Electrochemical Methods Electrical Conductivity
Electrical Conductivity Meter
Emf Of Cell
Potentiometer pH
pH meter
Diffusion Current
Polorography

43. Technique based on the Principles of Electrolysis
Voltammetry
Electrogrvimetry
Polorography
Amperometry

44. Separation techniques
Why separations is essential ?

45. Classical Separation Technique Classical Separation Technique
Based on solubilities
filtration, precipitation, crystallization
Based on Volatility
distillation
Based on Electrical effect
Electrophoresis
Based on Gravity:
Centrifugation
Classical Separation Technique

46. Based on Retention capacity of stationary phase
Modern methods of separation Techniques
Chromatography
Adsorption Chromatography
Partition Chromatography
Based on Retention capacity of stationary phase

47. Adsorption Chromatography Size Exclusion Chromatography
TLC
GSC
ION Exchange
Size Exclusion Chromatography

48. TLC: Application of sample and development of Chromatogram by Ascending way
High
Polar
Less
Polar

49. ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY H+
Na+ H+ R

50. ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY H+
Cl-
OH- R

51. Partition Chromatography
Paper Chromatography
HPLC
GLC

52. Separation in Paper Chromatography
Solvent Front S O L V E N t F W
Solute front
Solute front
Application of Sample
Original Line

53. WORKING OF HPLC

54. Separation in Paper Chromatography
Solvent Front S O L V E N t F W
Solute front
Solute front
Application of Sample
Original Line

55. GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC INSTRUMENT
Pressure regulator
and flow control
Sample Injection
port
Detector * *
* *
Recorder
column
Column oven
Least Volatile
Most Volatile
Carrier Gas

56. New Versions of Chromatography

57. GC-MS LC-MS New Versions of Chromatography Fusion of Two Technique
Separation and Determination of Molecular weight

58. GC-MS

59. LC-MS

60. Applications of GC-MS Drug detection, Fire Investigation
Environmental Analysis
Identification of unknown samples
Trace elements
At airport security to detect substances

61. Environmental Monitoring
Biotechnology
Food Processing
Environmental Monitoring
Pharmaceuticals
Agrochemicals
Cosmetic Industries
Applications of
LC-MS

62. Thermal Methods mass change versus temperature or time TGA
Differential Thermal Analysis
temperature difference versus temperature or time
Evolved Gas Analysis
analysis of gases evolved during heating of a material, usually decomposition products
Differential Scanning Calorimetery
heat flow changes versus temperature or time
Thermal stability of a material

63. Thermogravimetric analysis
Substance
Chemical Changes
Heated
Physical Changes
Thermogravimetric analysis

64. Technique based on Radioactivity
NAA
Archeology
Forensic Science
Geology
Semiconductor Industry
Isotope Dilution Technique
Clinical Diagnosis

65. Selection of Analytical method:1
Concentration of the component. 2
The complexity of the materials/presence of interfering material 3
The probable concentration of the species of interest 4
Degree of Accuracy 5
Sensitivity and detection limit 6
Duration of an analysis 7
Speed ,time and Cost of analysis 8
Availability of equipments 9
Skill person for handling the instrument
All the above factors should be taken into account combinedly, to select the proper method.

67. 1.1.3 Errors,determinate errors,and Indeterminate errors,types of determinte errors,takaling of errors.
1.1.4 Quntitive methods of analysis: calibration curve, standard addition and internal standard methods

68. Quantitative Analysis1.
Calibration Curve method: 2.
Method of Standard Addition 3.
Internal Standard Method:

69. Quantitative Analysis:
Calibration Curve method:
A calibration curve is used to determine the unknown concentration of an element in a solution. The instrument is calibrated using several solutions of known concentrations. The property to be measured of each known solution is measured and then a calibration curve of property measured v/s concentration is plotted.
The property of a sample solution is measured .The unknown concentration of the element is then calculated from the calibration curve

70. Calibration Curve method
Sr. No.
Concentration of
KMnO4
O.D. 1 5
0.02 2 10
0.04 3 15
0.06 4 20
0.08 25
0.1 6
Unknown
0.05

71. Calibration Curve method:
Measurable Property is directly proportional to concentration
Measurable Property

72. Method of Standard Addition:
When Standard Addition Method is useful
Sample composition is unknown
Sample composition affect on analysis
To nullify the effect of Matrix

73. Method of Standard Addition:
In this method the property of unknown (X) is first find out against blank. Then a series of standards having definite amount of unknown (X) plus varying amount of standard are prepared and diluted to same volume in each case .Their property is then measured. A graph of measured property against concentrations of standard (S) gives a linear curve. The concentration of the unknown can be determined by extrapolation of line which cuts to X axis.

74. Method of Standard Addition
Sr. No.
Volume Of Sample Solution
Concentration of
KMnO4
O.D. 1 5
0.02 2
0.06 3 10
0.08 4 15
0.1 20
0.12 6 25
0.14

75. . . . . . Standard addition method Property Absorbance---
Absorbance---
X X+S X+2S X+3S X+4S
Concentration-----
Concentration of Unknown.

76. Internal Standard Method:
When Internal Standard Method is useful
It is useful for analysis when quantity of sample analyzed or the instruments responses varies slightly from run to run.
Such response are difficult to control
When sample loss occur during sample preparation

77. Internal Standard Method:
A series of standard solution containing the same elements as that present in sample solution is prepared. A fixed quantity of suitable internal standard is then added to each of standard solutions, blank and sample solutions alike. The measurable property of each of above standard solutions and sample solutions are measured. The measurable property for each of above standard solution (Is) & (Ii) and sample solution (Ix&Ii) are measured at different wavelength one corresponds to element and other corresponds to the internal standard. These measurements are made against blank .The ratio of measured property of the standard solutions to that of internal standard (Is/Ii) are plotted against the concentration of standard solutions. This gives a straight line from this curve concentration of sample solution can be read by finding where the ratio (Ix/Ii) falls on concentration scale.

78. Internal Standard Method:
Sr. No.
Volume Of Sample Solution
Concentration Internal Standard (ppm)
O.D. 1
Blank 5
0.02 2
sample
0.06 3
0.08 4 10
0.1 15
0.12 6 20
0.14

79. Property of Internal standard
Internal Standard Method
Property of Sample
Property of Internal standard
Concentration of Unknown.
Concentration-----

80. Property to be measured
Types of Instruments

81. Signal/Characteristic property
Instrumental Methods
Emission of radiation
Emission spectroscopy (X-ray, UV, visible,
electron, Auger); fluorescence,
phosphorescence, and luminescence
(X-ray, UV, and visible)
Absorption of radiation
Spectrophotometry and photometry (X-ray, UV, visible, IR); photoacoustic spectroscopy; nuclear magnetic resonance and electron spin resonance spectroscopy
Scattering of radiation
Turbidimetry; nephelometry; Raman spectroscopy
Refraction of radiation
Refractometry; interferometry
Diffraction of radiation
X-Ray and electron diffraction methods

82. Polarimetry; optical rotary dispersion; circular dichroism
Rotation of radiation
Polarimetry; optical rotary dispersion; circular dichroism
Electrical potential
Potentiometry; chronopotentiometry
Electrical charge
Coulometry
Electrical current
Polarography; amperometry
Electrical resistance
Conductometry
Mass-to-charge ratio
Mass spectrometry
Rate of reaction
Kinetic methods
Thermal properties
Thermal conductivity and enthalpy
Radioactivity
Neutron Activation and
isotope dilution methods

83. DATA DOMAINS Electrical and Non Electrical Domains,
Detectors, Transducers and Sensors,
Sensors

84. Data domains
Information contained in Chemical and physical Characteristics of property of interest is called as data domain.

85. Non-Electrical domain
Current, voltage, frequency, charge, pulse width, are called as electrical domain
Physical and chemical property , scale, position and number are called as non electrical domain

86. Instruments converts
Information for human
Interpretation in terms of property interest and manipulation
Nonelectrical domain
Information contained in Chemical and physical Characteristics of property of interest
Nonelectrical domain
Transduction processing
Electric Domain

90. CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSDUCERS
The input transducer
The output transducer
The input transducer is called the sensor, because it senses the desired physical quantity and converts it into another energy form.
It converts information in electrical domain to information in non-electrical domain (Voltmeters, computer screens, ADC)

91. Types OF
TRANSDUCERS
PHOTO TRANSDUCERS
THERMAL TTRANSDUCERS
BIOSENSOR

92. PHOTO TRANSDUCER
Photo transducer is device that converts light energy into electrical energy are called Photo- transducer

93. PHOTOCELL DETECTOR
(--) D D G C E- G B A +

94. PHOTO TUBE DETECTOR
Photo Cathode
Collector Anode -
AMPLIFIER RECORDER

96. A SENSOR
A sensor some time also called as detector that measures a physical quantity and converts it into signal which can read by an observer

97. Thermal Transducer
Thermocouple
Thermocouple sensor used for high temperature measurement.
Thermocouple converts temperature to an out put voltage which can read by a voltammeter. Hg
Mercury in glass thermometer converts measured temperature.
Uses :
Cars, Aero plane, Chemical plant ,Elevators, Doors , Manufacturing machine ,robotics.

98. Biological Sensors:
A biosensor is an analytical device used for detection of analyte that combines a biological component with a physiochemical detector.

99. Thermal Transducers Infrared radiation generally does not have sufficient energy
to produce a measurable current when using a photon transducer. A thermal transducer, therefore, is used for infrared spectroscopy. The absorption of infrared photons by a thermal transducer increases its temperature, changing one or more of its characteristic properties. The pneumatic transducer, for example, consists of a small tube filled with xenon gas equipped with an IR-transparent

100. SIGNAL PROCESSOR :
A device, such as a meter or computer, that displays the signal from the transducer in a form that is easily interpreted by the analyst.

101. Amplifier:
An Electronic device that increases the power of signal

102. Amplifier
Weak Signal
Strong Signal

103. Selection of Analytical method:1
Concentration of the component. 2
The complexity of the materials/presence of interfering material 3
The probable concentration of the species of interest 4
Degree of Accuracy 5
Sensitivity and detection limit 6
Duration of an analysis 7
Speed ,time and Cost of analysis 8
Availability of equipments 9
Skill person for handling the instrument
All the above factors should be taken into account combinedly, to select the proper method.

104. Performance characteristics of analytical Method :1
Precision: It is the agreement between Individual observations of same set. 2
Accuracy: It is defined as closeness of the observed value with the true value. 3
Limit of detection(LOD): Minimum amount of concentration of a component that can be detected with a given degree of confidence. 4
Limit of Quantification (LOQ): Minimum amount of concentration of a component that can be estimated with a given degree of confidence is termed as LOQ.

105. Performance characteristics of analytical Method :5
Limit of Linearity (LOL) : It is defined as maximum concentration range up to which instrument is produces linear response. 6
Sensitivity: It is a measure of ability of method to discriminate between two small concentration differences in the analyte. 7
Measurement of Sensitivity:
It is is measured in terms of slope of the calibration curve. If the slope is greater sensitivity of the method is high and vise-versa.

106. Performance characteristics of analytical Method :8
Selectivity: It is defined as degree to which the method is free from interferences from other components present in the matrix. 9
Dynamic range:
It is the concentration range from limit of Quantification (LOQ) to Limit of Linearity (LOL).

107. 1.1.3
Errors, determinate errors ,and Indeterminate errors, types of determinate errors, takaling of errors.

108. Any measurement involves the interaction of following three components
Analyst
Sample
Method
ERROR
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109. True
Value
Observed Value
Difference between
Error
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110. Types of Error Determinate error Indeterminate error
Determinate error are those for which source can be observed or detected
Indeterminate error
The error are for which source can not be observed or not detected or can be pinpointed.
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111. No Source can be observed
Sr. No.
Characteristics
Determinate
error
Indeterminate Error 1
Origin
Source can be observed
No Source can be observed 2
Magnitude
Large
Small 3
Direction
Unidirectional
No direction 4
Reproducibility
Reproducible
Not Reproducible 5
Effect
Affect the measurement
No Affect on measurement 6
Remedy
Minimization possible, elimination in some cases possible
No elimination
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112. Absolute error Relative error
The difference between the measured value and True value
Absolute error= xi -T
Absolute error
Absolute error / True value
= xi –T/T
Relative error
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113. Constant errors Proportionate errors
The error in which the absolute error remains constant and the relative error changes with the change in sample size
Constant errors
The error in which the magnitude of the absolute error changes with change in sample size but relative error remains constant
Proportionate errors
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114. Instrumental errors Methodic errors Types of Determinant error
Operational errors
Personal error
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115. Instrumental errors:
Uncertainty in the last digit of the measurement due to least count of the instrument or volumetric glass ware.
Ex. Counting /noting burette reading
Improper response: Optimum condition for the working of the Instrument. Instrument works in that condition only.
Ex. Working of glass electrode to measure pH using pH meter.
pH of solution 1-10 can be recorded properly.
If the solution is having pH greater than this range electrode system will give Improper response
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116. These types of errors obtained due to classical methods2
Addition of excess amount of titrant 3
Incomplete reaction 4
Incomplete decomposition 5
Co-precipitation and post Co-precipitation 1
Solubility of salt
These types of errors obtained due to classical methods
as these methods involves no. of steps.
Methodic Errors
MnNH4PO  Mn2P2O7 +2NH3+H2O
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117. Operational errors Weighing of the hot crucible
Loss of precipitate during filtration
Blowing of last drop of in the nozzle of the precipitate
Improper recording of the instrument
Under washing or over washing of the ppt.
Ignorance of temp.
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118. Personal error:
The error due to physical limitation of the analyst and some time bias during measurement are called as Personal error.
Ex. Colourblindnees of the person unable to detect end point .
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119. Minimization of errors
Calibration of apparatus and Instruments
Running Blank determination
Use of Independent method of analysis
Running control determination
Running Parallel determination
standard addition method
Internal standard method
Amplification method
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120. Calibration of apparatus and Instruments
Operational and instrumental error can be minimized
Calibration of apparatus and Instruments
Methodic and operational errors can be minimized
Running Blank determination
Standard sub., Analysed and its result compared with the true value
Deviation of the obtained result from the true or expected value will be measure of Methodic and operational errors
Running of control determination
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121. Use of Independent method of analysis
Analysis of same sample by two method of analysis ,one which will be chosen & results obtained can be compared.
Methodic and operational errors can be different
Use of Independent method of analysis
Analysis of same sample by two different method by same analyst, or different .
Methodic error will differ in two cases ,if same analyst
Methodic and personal error will be differ in two cases if different analyst.
Running Parallel determination
Sample is analysed alone then sample + standard substance analysed
Methodic and operational errors will be same for two measurements
standard addition method
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122. Internal standard method
Fixed amount of reference material is added to all standard solutions ,blank and sample .
Ex. Na is added in the analysis of soil while determining lithium
Internal standard method
detector singles are amplified to rectify the improper response of detector.
With the knowledge of type of error analyst can modify existing method, type of error and magnitude.
Amplification method
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123. 1.1.4
Quantitative methods of analysis

124. Quantitative Analysis1.
Calibration Curve method: 2.
Method of Standard Addition 3.
Internal Standard Method:

125. 1.1.4 Quantitative Analysis:
Calibration Curve method:
A calibration curve is used to determine the unknown concentration of an element in a solution. The instrument is calibrated using several solutions of known concentrations. The property to be measured of each known solution is measured and then a calibration curve of property measured v/s concentration is plotted.
The property of a sample solution is measured .The unknown concentration of the element is then calculated from the calibration curve

126. Calibration Curve method
Sr. No.
Concentration of
KMnO4
O.D. 1 5
0.02 2 10
0.04 3 15
0.06 4 20
0.08 25
0.1 6
Unknown
0.05

127. Calibration Curve method:
Measurable Property is directly proportional to concentration
Measurable Property

128. Method of Standard Addition:
In this method the property of unknown (X) is first find out against blank. Then a series of standards having definite amount of unknown (X) plus varying amount of standard are prepared and diluted to same volume in each case .Their property is then measured. A graph of measured property against concentrations of standard (S) gives a linear curve. The concentration of the unknown can be determined by extrapolation of line which cuts to X axis.

129. Method of Standard Addition
Sr. No.
Volume Of Sample Solution
Concentration of
KMnO4
O.D. 1 5
0.02 2
0.06 3 10
0.08 4 15
0.1 20
0.12 6 25
0.14

130. . . . . . Standard addition method Property Absorbance---
Absorbance---
X X+S X+2S X+3S X+4S
Concentration-----
Concentration of Unknown.

131. Internal Standard Method:
When Internal Standard Method is useful
It is useful for analysis when quantity of sample analyzed or the instruments responses varies slightly from run to run.
Such response are difficult to control
When sample loss occur during sample preparation

132. Internal Standard Method:
A series of standard solution containing the same elements as that present in sample solution is prepared. A fixed quantity of suitable internal standard is then added to each of standard solutions, blank and sample solutions alike. The measurable property of each of above standard solutions and sample solutions are measured. The measurable property for each of above standard solution (Is) & (Ii) and sample solution (Ix&Ii) are measured at different wavelength one corresponds to element and other corresponds to the internal standard. These measurements are made against blank .The ratio of measured property of the standard solutions to that of internal standard (Is/Ii) are plotted against the concentration of standard solutions. This gives a straight line from this curve concentration of sample solution can be read by finding where the ratio (Ix/Ii) falls on concentration scale.

133. Internal Standard Method:
Sr. No.
Volume Of Sample Solution
Concentration Internal Standard (ppm)
O.D. 1
Blank 5
0.02 2
sample
0.06 3
0.08 4 10
0.1 15
0.12 6 20
0.14

134. Property of Internal standard
Internal Standard Method
Property of Sample
Property of Internal standard
Concentration of Unknown.
Concentration-----

135. Thank you