1. At the Turn of the 20th Century
American Diplomacy
At the Turn of the 20th Century

2. Isolation vs. Expansion
Anti-Imperialists
Disdain for European colonization
Democracy over Monarchy
Invulnerable -proximity
Monroe Doctrine
Imperialists
TRADE! Markets of Asia & Latin America
Spread Christianity (Josiah Strong)
Est. strategic military bases (Alfred Mahan)
Monroe Doctrine

3. History Monroe Doctrine 1823 U. S. support of W. Hemisphere nations
Mexico: French “protectorate” Seward threatened intervention
1867 acquired Alaska & Midway Island
Widescale American investment & presence in Hawaii, Cuba, & Dominican Republic
Acquisition of several islands in the Pacific

4. Emphasis on Strong Navy
Small & obsolete after Civil War
Cpt. Alfred Thayer Mahan
Rep. Henry Cabot Lodge
“Great White Fleet”

5. Building a Pacific Empire
1840s -est. some trade privileges in China
Ostend Manifesto (secret attempt to annex Cuba)
Comm. Perry “opens” Japan
American sugar & pineapple plantations in Hawaii (as well as Mormon missionaries)
Attempts to depose Queen Lilioukalani

6. Major Events & Issues Venezuelan Crisis Efforts to Annex Hawaii
Cuban Revolution & the Maine
Spanish-American War (Philippine phase)
Spanish-American War (invasion of Cuba)
Annexation of the Philippines
Imperialists & Anti-Imperialists

7. Spanish American War (1898)
“The Splendid Little War”
Cuba
Monroe Doctrine
Most businesses in Cuba owned by Americans
Cubans declared independence in 1895, suffered greatly in their fight
“Remember the Maine” - U. S. S. Maine exploded in Havana Harbor, Feb. 15, 1898
260 sailors killed
Public outrage fueled by “yellow journalism”
President McKinley asked Congress for a war declaration on April, 11

8. Spanish American War (1898)
Phase 1: Commodore Dewey attacked and defeated Spanish fleet in Manila (Philippines) – May 1, Captured the city on August 13,1898.
Filipino uprising led by Emelio Aguinaldo
Phase 2: Attack on Cuba & Puerto Rico
War ends: Aug. 12, 1898

9. Results of Spanish American War
Cuban independence (heavy U. S. influence)
U. S. paid Spain $20 million for Philippines
U. S. obtained Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Dominican Republic
Only 400 U. S. soldiers died in combat
United States established as a world military power
Hawaii was annexed as a “war measure.”
Debate over annexation of Philippines began

10. Annexation and new policies
Anti-Imperialists vs. Imperialists
Foraker Act – Puerto Rico - limited govt.
Insular Cases – “The Constitution does NOT follow the flag.”
Teller Amendment – U. S. NEVER take over Cuba
Platt Amendment (1901) – Forced into Cuba’s Constitution – U. S. could intervene, Cuba could not go heavily into debt, U. S. base (Guantanamo)