1. Software: System Software
Sumber:
Chapter 3. Software: Tools for Productivity and Creativity, p.117
Williams, B.K, Stacy C. Sawyer (2007). Using Information Technology: A Practical Introduction to Computers & Communications. Seventh Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York. ISBN-13:

2. Learning Outcomes
Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa
akan mampu :
menjelaskan: pengertian dan komponen system software, dan fungsi-fungsi sistem operasi

3. Outline Materi System Software: The Power behind the Power
The Operating System: What It Does
Other System Software: Device Drivers & Utilities
Common Features of the User Interface
Common Operating Systems

4. System Software: The Power behind the Power
Application Software
Software developed to solve a particular problem for users
Either performs useful work on a specific task
Or provides entertainment
We interact mainly with this software
System Software
Enables application software to interact with the computer
Helps the computer to manage its own internal and external resources

5. System Software: The Power behind the Power
System Software has 3 basic components
Operating System (OS)
The principal component of system software
Low-level, master system of programs to manage basic computer operations
Some hardware requires specific Operating Systems
Macintosh computers run Macintosh OS
PCs run Microsoft Windows, Linux, or BSD
Device Drivers
Help the computer control peripheral devices
Utility Programs
Used to support, enhance, or expand existing programs in the computer

6. The Operating System: What It Does
Booting
The process of loading an OS into the computer’s main memory
The steps are:
Turn the computer on
Diagnostic routines test main memory, CPU, and other hardware
Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) programs are copied to main memory
BIOS contains instructions for operating the hardware
The computer needs those instructions to operate the hardware and find a copy of the OS
Boot program obtains the OS and loads it into computer’s main memory

7. The Operating System: What It Does

8. The Operating System: What It Does
Central Processing Unit (CPU) Management
Kernel is the supervising software that manages CPU
Kernel must remain in memory while the computer runs
If another program uses the kernel’s memory when the kernel needs it, the computer will crash
Memory Management
OS keeps track of memory locations to prevent programs and data from overlapping each other
Swaps portions of programs and data into the same memory but at different times
Keeps track of virtual memory
Queues, Buffers, Spooling

9. The Operating System: What It Does
Central Processing Unit (CPU) Management (continued)
Queues, Buffers, Spooling
Queue: First-in, First-out (FIFO) sequence of data or programs that waits in line for its turn to be processed
Buffer: The place where the data or programs sit while they are waiting
To Spool: The act of placing a print job into a buffer
Needed because the CPU is faster than printers
The CPU can work on other tasks while the print jobs wait

10. The Operating System: What It Does
File Management
A file is either a
Data File: a named collection of data
Program File: a program that exists in a computer’s secondary storage
The File System arranges files in a hierarchical manner
Top level is Directories (aka Folders)
Subdirectories come below Folders
Find files using their pathname
C:/MyDocuments/Termpaper/section1.doc

11. The Operating System: What It Does
Task Management
Required for computers that accommodate multiple users
Required for computers that allow multiple simultaneous applications
Methods of processing two or more programs
Multitasking
By one user on one processor
Time-sharing
By multiple users in round-robin fashion on one processor
Multiprogramming
By multiple users concurrently on one processor
Multiprocessing
By one or more users simultaneously on two or more processors

12. The Operating System: What It Does

13. The Operating System: What It Does
Security Management
Operating Systems permit users to control access to their computers
Users gain access using an ID and password
You set the password the first time you boot up a new computer
System Administrators can set up new accounts and assign new passwords

14. Other System Software: Device Drivers & Utilities
Specialized software programs that allow input and output devices to communicate with the rest of the OS
When you get a brand-new printer or monitor, you may also need to install the device driver for it
Device drivers come with new hardware, or download from the manufacturer’s website, or sites like or
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15. Other System Software: Device Drivers & Utilities
Service programs that perform tasks related to the control and allocation of computer resources
Some come with the OS, others can be bought separately like
Norton SystemWorks, McAfee Utilities

16. Other System Software: Device Drivers & Utilities
Practical Utility programs perform the following tasks
Virus protection
Data compression
File defragmentation
Disk scanner & disk cleanup
Backup
Data recovery
Discussion Question: How many of you have lost important files such as a term paper? Didn’t you wish you had made a backup copy? ALL data media are subject to possible failure and data loss!
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17. Common Features of the User Interface
The user-controllable display screen you use to interact with the computer
Keyboard and Mouse
User input devices that you use to interact with the display screen
Both devices have special-purpose keys
Keyboard Special-purpose keys: Esc, Ctrl, Alt, Del, Ins, Home, End, PgUp, PgDn, Num Lock
Mouse special-purpose keys: left-click, right-click, and (on some mice) scroll wheel or center click
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18. Common Features of the User Interface
Keyboard
Function Keys – let you quickly perform specific tasks
Escape Key – lets you quit a task
Ctrl and Alt – use combination with another key to bypass using the mouse – Ctrl + S will save a document, Alt + Tab will let you switch between running applications
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19. Common Features of the User Interface
Keyboard continued
Application key – quickly displays the shortcut menu for any item on your screen
Status lights – indicate if your Num Lock or Caps Lock keys are on
Numeric Keypad – allows you to type in numbers when the Num Lock light is on
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20. Common Features of the User Interface
Mouse
Handy tool for dragging and dropping text, graphics
Useful for navigating menus on unfamiliar applications
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21. Common Features of the User Interface
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Allows you to use a mouse or keystrokes to select icons and commands from menus
Replaces command-driven interfaces used in earlier programs
Three main features are: desktop, icons, and menus
Desktop: The system’s main interface screen
Icon: Small pictorial figure that represents a program, data file, or procedure
Rollover: A small text box that explains the icon when you roll your mouse over it
Menus: A list of built-in commands and/or options from which to choose
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22. Common Features of the User Interface
To start an application, pick one of 3 methods:
Click on the Start button on the lower left corner of the Windows desktop
Click on the My Computer icon on the desktop, find the application executable on your hard disk, and click it
Click on the My Documents icon on the desktop, find the document you want to open, and click it. It should automatically open the application that created it, if you have that application installed
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23. Common Features of the User Interface
Most Operating Systems have the following:
Title Bar: runs across the top of the display window
Menu Bar: shows the names of the pull-down menus available
Toolbar: Displays menus and icons representing the most-frequently used commands
Taskbar: The bar across the bottom of the Windows screen that contains the Start button
A window: A rectangular frame on the computer screen through which you can view a file of data or an application
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24. Common Operating Systems
Platform
The particular processor model and operating system on which a computer system is based
Operating Systems are platform-specific
PC (Wintel) platforms
Dell, Compaq, Hewlett-Packard, IBM PCs
Originally ran Disk Operating System (DOS)
Currently run Linux, Unix, Windows
Apple (Macintosh) platforms
Run Mac OS (System 9 was proprietary, OS X is Unix-based)
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25. Common Operating Systems
Mac OS
The OS that runs on Apple Macintosh computers
Pioneered the easy-to-use GUI
Proprietary OS
System 9 is OS from 1999, but still popular
Mac OS X is based on BSD Unix kernel
Tiger is 2005 release of Mac OS X; features include
Spotlight – a desktop search engine for locating files on local hard disk
Dashboard – for creating desktop “widgets”
Automator – automatically helps users to script repetitive tasks
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26. Common Operating Systems
Unix, Solaris, BSD
Developed at AT&T Bell Laboratories in 1969 as minicomputer operating system
Is a multitasking operating system with multiple users that has built-in networking capability and a version for every platform
Unix interface
GUI – An optional shell program that starts after the kernel
Command interface – starts when kernel loads
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27. Common Operating Systems
Linux
A flavor (version) of Unix
A free, nonproprietary version of UNIX
May legally be downloaded and used for free
May legally be modified for free, as long as modifications aren’t copyrighted
In 2000, adopted by China as national standard OS
Linux vendors produce Linux Distributions
Software is distributed for free
Support services are sold for a profit
Many PCs are set up to dual-boot Linux and Windows
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28. Common Operating Systems
Operating Systems for Handhelds
Palm OS
Dominant handheld OS
Proprietary OS requires proprietary software
Windows CE
Has familiar Windows look and feel
Can be directly programmed using Visual Basic 2005
Symbian OS
Symbian is world’s largest producer of smartphone software
Software is open-source
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29. Kesimpulan