1. 5
The World of the Romans

2. Ancient Italy and the City of Rome
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3. Emergence of Rome Importance of geography in the development of Rome
Apennine Mountains
Agricultural areas
Location of the City of Rome on the Tiber River
Early Rome, B.C.E.
Romulus and Remus, 753 B.C.E.
Etruscans
First road, the Sacred Way, constructed before 575 B.C.E.
Etruscan monarchy overthrown, 509 B.C.E.

4. Roman Republic The Roman Conquest of Italy
By 340 B.C.E. Rome had defeated the Latin states of Latium
Greeks had colonized southern Italy between 750 and 550 B.C.E.
The Roman Confederation
The Roman State
Offices and institutions
The Struggle of the Orders: Social Divisions in the Roman Republic
Struggle between patricians and plebeians
Assembly of Plebeians.

5. Roman Conquest
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6. Roman Conquest of the Mediterranean (264-133 B.C.E.)
Punic Wars
First Punic War, B.C.E.
Carthage has to surrender Sicily
Sicily becomes Roman province
Second Punic War, B.C.E.
Hannibal attacked Rome
Carthage loses Spain
Rome becomes the dominant power in the western Mediterranean Sea
Third Punic War, B.C.E.
Carthage completely defeated
Carthage becomes the Roman province of Africa
The Eastern Mediterranean
Roman Imperialism
Stages of expansion
Changing motives and tactics

7. Remains of Carthage
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8. Decline and Fall of the Roman Republic (133-31 B.C.E.)
Growing Unrest and a New Role for the Roman Army
Latifundia contribute to the decline of small farms
Reform: Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
Politics and the Army: Marius and Sulla
Collapse of the Republic
First Century B.C.E. had two characteristics:
Jostling for power by powerful individuals
Civil wars that were caused by the desire for power
Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar
First Triumvirate
Basic Aims
Competition for power after the death of Crassus in 53 B.C.E.
Civil war between Antony and Octavian (grandnephew of Julius Caesar)
Battle of Actium, 31 B.C.E., Antony defeated and Octavian rules the Roman world

9. Expansion of Roman Territories to 100 C.E.
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10. Age of Augustus (31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.)
Augustus given title of imperator (commander-in-chief) by the senate
Army
Standing army of 28 legions; 150,000 men
Auxiliaries, 130,000 men who were non-citizens
Praetorian Guard of elite troops; 9,000 men
Governing the provinces
Senate governed some provinces and some were given to the emperor
Augustus could overrule the senatorial governors and establish his own policies
Stabilization of the frontiers
Augustus conquered the central and maritime Alps and then expanded control of the Balkan peninsula up to the Danube
Failure in Germany where three legions were massacred in 9 C.E.
Augustan society
Social stratification
Growing power of the equestrian order

11. The Roman Empire from Augustus to Trajan (14 – 117)

12. The Early Empire (14-180) Five Good Emperors (96-180)
Pax Romana
Capable men adopted as successors
Public work projects
Frontiers and Provinces
Rome withdrew from some areas
Built defensive fortifications along frontier lines
Finally all free inhabitants became a citizens
Greco-Roman world: Latin in the west, Greek in the east
Cities and towns spread culture and law

13. Products of the Roman Empire, c. 200 C.E.
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14. Trade, Industry, and Farming
Prosperity
Extensive trade -- food and luxury goods
Agriculture the primary occupation
Gulf between rich and poor
Upper classes needed to be supported by agricultural surplus

15. Culture and Society in the Roman World
Roman Literature
Catullus (c B.C.E.)
Poetry to express emotions
Virgil (70-19 B.C.E.), Aeneid
Virtues of duty, piety, and faithfulness
Roman Art
Copy Greek statues
Architecture: Arch, vault, and dome
Construction: Baths, roads aqueducts, and bridges
Roman Law
Twelve Tables, 450 B.C.E.
Civil law – applied to all Roman Citizens
Law of nations – applied to both Romans and foreigners
Law of nature – universal law based on reason

16. Roman family Paterfamilias Arranged marriages for daughters
Some educated their daughters
Paterfamilias no longer dominant by 2nd century C.E.
Upper-class women had much freedom and independence in the Early Empire

17. Slaves and Their Masters
Residential slaves: household help, tutors
Farm slaves: many times worked to death
Construction: used to build roads, aqueducts, other public structures

18. Slave revolts Revolts in Sicily at the end of the 2nd century B.C.E.
Spartacus, 73 B.C.E.
70,000 slave followers
Crushed in 71 B.C.E., 6,000 crucified

19. Imperial Rome
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20. Imperial Rome Population of nearly 1 million
Enormous gulf between rich and poor
Bread and circuses
Gladiatorial shows

21. Crisis and the Late Empire
Unstable succession
Invasions on many sides
Decline in trade
Labor shortage

22. The Reforms of Diocletian and Constantine
Revival: end of the 3rd century; beginning of 4th
Diocletian and Constantine and The Late Empire
New governmental and economic systems
New state religion
Both enlarged the administrative bureaucracies
Larger army
New Capital – Byzantium (Constantinople)
Shortage of labor and a “caste” system

23. The End of the Western Roman Empire
Empire divided into Western and Eastern
Invasions in the west
Huns
Visigoths
Burgundians
Vandals
Ostrogoths

24. Transformation of the Roman World: The Development of Christianity
Religious World of the Romans
Polytheistic
Importance of proper ritual
Toleration
Mystery religions from the east

25. The Later Restored Roman Empire
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26. The Jewish Background By 6 C.E. Judea was made a Roman province
Unrest among the Jews
Sadducees favored cooperation with the Romans
Pharisees wanted Judaea free of the Romans but did not advocate violence
Essenes awaited a messiah
Zealots were militant extremists advocating the violent overthrow of the Romans
Revolt of Jews in 66 was crushed by Romans four years later
The Jewish temple in Jerusalem was destroyed

27. The Rise of Christianity
Jesus of Nazareth (c. 6 B.C.E.-29 C.E.), Christos
Jesus’ message
Romans saw a potential revolutionary
Paul of Tarsus (c. 5-c. 67)
Preach the message to all, not just Jews
Spread of Christianity
Increasing intolerance of Christianity by the Romans
Would not worship state gods or the imperial cult
Refusal of Christians to recognize other gods
Persecution never systematic

28. Triumph of Christianity
Growth of hierarchy
Promised salvation
Another mystery religion
Filled a need to belong
Renewed persecution in the 3rd century
Constantine and toleration

29. Comparison of the Roman and Han Empires
Although little contact between the two they had similarities
Both lasted for centuries
Both centralized control
Elaborate road systems
Spread their art and culture to provinces
Family unit the most important structure to transmit values
Differences
Social mobility more limited in China
Merchants more highly regarded in Rome
Ruled from a divine mandate
Both empires will eventually weaken and fall

30. Discussion Questions
How did the geography of Italy affect Roman development?
Give a brief description of the Punic Wars and the reasons why Rome went to war with the Carthaginians.
How did expansion undermine Republican institutions?
What led to the third century crisis? How did the Romans respond to threats facing their empire?
How would you explain the growth of Christianity in the second and third centuries? How did its appeal change as it grew?