1. ECOLOGY BIG PICTURE REVIEW

2. WORDS TO KNOW
POPULATION-a group of individuals of the same species in an area.
IMMIGRATION-when new individuals move into an area
EMIGRATION-when individuals move out of an area
LIMITING FACTOR- Things that can control how big a population can get (food, shelter, water, predators, etc.)
CARRYING CAPACITY-Highest number of individuals of a species an ecosystem can hold.

3. Population Size Births Deaths Births and immigration
Fig. 53-3
Population Size
Births
Deaths
Births and immigration
add individuals to
a population.
Deaths and emigration
remove individuals
from a population.
Immigration
Emigration

5. Populations grow when… -more organisms are born than die -There are unlimited resources for everyone Populations decline when… -more organisms die than are born -limited resources cause competition -predators are introduced -diseases are spread (this includes parasites).

6. ENERGY

7. Use your big picture review
To define the words in your packet under 6.3

8. Predator/Prey Relationship
A relationship where a predator eats a prey
What do you think will happen to a predator population if the prey population decreases?
What will happen to the prey population if the predator population decreases?

9. Competition
A relationship between two or more organisms that use the same resources.
There can be competition between members of the same species and competition between members of different species.
Competition results in a reduction in the numbers of one or both competitors.

10. Parasitism
A relationship where one organism benefits and another is harmed.
One benefits and one is harmed
Ex: tapeworms, fleas

11. Mutualism A relationship where both organisms benefit or are helped.
Ex: Ants and Aphids
Ants feed on the sugary honeydew left behind by aphids (they suck up sap from plants). In exchange, the ants protect the aphids from predators and parasites

12. Commensalism
A relationship where one organism is helped while the other isn’t bothered or doesn’t care.
Yes...it is Nemo
Ex: Clownfish and Sea Aneome
The clownfish lives among the forest of tentacles of an anemone and is protected from potential predators not immune to the sting of the anemone.
The clownfish is protected from the sting of the anemone tentacles by a substance contained in the mucous on its skin.

13. THE 10 % RULE
Tertiary
consumers
10 J
The energy budget of an entire ecosystem can be visualized as a pyramid
100 J
Secondary
consumers
Primary
consumers
1,000 J
Primary
producers
10,000 J
1,000,000 J of sunlight

14. ENERGY PYRAMID Each block in the pyramid is called a TROPHIC LEVEL
The lowest trophic level of the pyramid represents the producers and contains the most energy.
The second level represents the primary consumers. A 90% decrease in useable energy
The third level or secondary consumers will have 10% of the energy from the level below to use.

15. Food Chains and Trophic Levels
Food Chain - The order that animals feed on other plants and animals within a community/ecosystem
Trophic Level - The feeding position in a food chain such as primary producers, herbivore, primary carnivore

16. Food webs Animals often feed at several trophic levels
This creates an interconnected group of food chains called a food web.

17. Important Vocabulary –check your answers
Producers - organisms, like green plants, that produce organic compounds using the sun’s energy. These are also a type of autotroph.
Consumers - organisms that obtain nutrients from other organisms (by consuming). This is also a heterotroph.
Can be carnivore, herbivore or omnivore.
Decomposers - an organism of decay. They break down the remains of dead animals and plants, releasing the substances that can be used by other members of the ecosystem.
Arrows show the direction of energy transfer

18. Cycles, Words to know.
ecosystem- a collection of organisms and their physical environment
Nitrogen fixing bacteria- convert nitrogen from air into a form used by plants.
Denitrifying bacteria- break down living things to release nitrogen back into the air.
Transpiration- water is released into the air from plants.
evaporation- the sun heats water, causing it to rise into the air as water vapor.
Condensation- when water vapor in the air cools into liquid water.
Runoff- when water flows off the land to lower-lying bodies of water
Combustion- the burning of fossil fuels that releases carbon into the air.