1. New Industries, New Politics 1815-1828
Chapter 9
New Industries, New Politics
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2. Creating the Cotton Economy
Cotton’s dominant role in the economy came about quickly.
After the War of 1812, cotton quickly outstripped every other American export and remained a major American industry until the 1930s.
2 Developments in late 1790s set stage for rapid expansion of cotton production in US. 1. Europeans preferred cotton clothing, cooler and more comfortable than wool. Cheaper. India could not keep up with demand
2. Technological changes 1733 John Kay “Flying shuttle” made weaving cloth faster and allowed single weaver instead of many weavers.
1764 James Hargreaves- spinning jenny could run multiple spindle spinning cotton into thread
By 1800s single jenny could operate 120 spindles all at once.
Then water frame then coal powered. British tried to keep process and patents secret. In 1789 Samuel Slater sailed to New York and replicated Arkwright’s mills in Rhode Island.
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3. Demand and Technology Eli Whitney – the cotton gin
The cotton gin that Whitney patented in 1794 could clean 50 pounds of cotton a day.
The United States now had an export crop that could make it prosperous.
The Cotton Gin
Cleaning cotton was long process to get to stage for spinning. Slave working hard all day could clean one pound of cotton. Eli Whitney, Yale graduate devised machine to clean cotton. – Cotton gin- (gin short for engine) 1794 Cotton gin could clean 50 pounds of cotton a day.
Eli Whitney did not become rich from that but the idea of interchangeable parts and manufacturing rifles with such parts for U.S. govt. Interchangeable parts made everything from rifles to farm implements easier to repair since a replacement part could be counted on to work in original gun or machine.
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4. Cotton Exports as a Percentage of All U.S. Exports, 1800–1860
Figure 9-1, Cotton exports as a Percentage of all U.S. exports, 1800–1860
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5. The Land of Cotton
The black belt (named for its rich black soil), stretching from Georgia to Louisiana.
The quality of the soil made it perfect for growing cotton.
The federal government played a central role in the development of these lands.
First European settlers were illegal white squatters moving onto farms abandoned by Indians. After 1815, Federal gov’t began official surveys and legal sales of land. In 1815 land sold for $2 per acre and one million acres were sold. In million were sold as the government acquired land from the Creeks. Sales helped federal budget. The government maintained an army to protect the land. They also built a road from Columbia, South Carolina to Columbus GA and then farther into the black belt region.
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6. The Growth of Slavery in the Black Belt
MAP 9-1 The Growth of Slavery in the Black Belt.
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7. The Expanding Cotton Belt
MAP 9-2 The Expanding Cotton Belt
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8. The People Who Worked the Land—Cotton and the Transformation of Slavery
African slaves did most of the work.
Between 1800 and 1860, more than 1 million black Americans were forced to move to new homes in the interior cotton-growing lands.
Work in cotton fields was backbreaking.p265
Slave account of slave auction
In the 60 years before the Civil War more slaves made the journey from coastal states to inland plantations than had made the terrible Middle Passage from Africa to North America in the previous 200 years. Slaves on the coast lived in fear of being sold or losing all connections to family and birthplace. Slave owners used the threat of sale or the sale of a perceived trouble maker to maintain discipline in the slave quarter. The sale of a slave spouse broke up 1 in 5 marriages and one third of all slave children were sold away from their parents. Men were sold more often than women. Slave owners in older regions were happy to keep women so that hey could bear more children to be sold. Slaves between ages 14 and 35 were sold much more often than the very young or aging.
Once sold, they were organized into coffles of 20 to 50 slaves. They would walk 15 to 20 miles a day from Virginia to the Mississippi Valley. It would take about 2 months. In later years slaves were transported by ship to New Orleans which became the largest slave trading center in the United States by the 1820s.
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9. Cotton in the North—Factories and the People Who Worked in Them
Textile industry gave rise to the first factories
Francis Cabot Lowell
Lowell, Massachusetts – 1813
Lowell Factory Life
Factory Regulations for Lowell Pp
Cutoff of British exports in Embargo of 1807 and the War of 1812 stimulated the establishment of large scale American factories. They created a new factory town 27 miles outside Boston named Lowell. By 1850, Lowell’s 52 mills employed 10,000 workers. Other small towns joined suit. Massachusetts soon became the 2nd most industrialized region of the world after Great Britain. Earliest factories were located on the fall line where waterfalls and river rapids could be harnessed to provide for spinning and weaving machinery. By the 1840s steam power made it possible for factory owners to locate in towns near the coast.
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10. Mill Girls
New England textile mills relied heavily on female and child labor
Young unmarried women from Yankee farms dominated the workforce that tended the spinning machines
To persuade parents Lowell made certain promises
Promises that Lowell owners made were to set up boarding houses, with strict rules regulating personal behavior. They also established lecture halls, churches and even a periodical edited by factory workers, the Lowell Offering to occupy the women’s free time. This was the first time in history that large numbers of women left their homes to participate in public world. Women felt restricted in home life and were now able to earn their own wage. They felt it gave them a “larger, firmer idea of womanhood” teaching them to go out and enter into the lives of others… it was like a young man’s pleasure of entering a business for himself. Typically women only worked a few years and would return home to marry and have their own children. The shortage of labor continued easing only when large scale immigration began in the 1840s and 1850s.
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11. Lowell, Massachusetts in 1832
MAP 9-3 Lowell, Massachusetts in 1832
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12. New York and the International Cotton Trade
New York City enjoyed several advantages that allowed it to play such a dominant role in the nation’s cotton economy.
New York was also the place in the United States to raise money.
The seeming insatiable European demand for cotton resulted in a rapid growth of the industry.
New York became the center of the shipment of cotton across the Atlantic and became the nation’s largest city and commercial center, a position it has retained ever since.
Several reasons that New York was the hub even though cotton was not grown within 100s of miles or few cotton mills nearby.
New York had an extraordinary deep harbor. Ships could dock directly in Manhattan and Brooklyn without having to anchor offshore and use smaller boats to load and unload. The port was easily accessible from Southern ports.
New York all ready had the infrastructure in place to accommodate this level of shipping including miles of docks and a community of merchants.
New York and established port all ready had the experienced dockworkers,; and longshoremen to handle the hundreds of ships that docked there. The all ready large numbers of workers grew rapidly. Grew 6 times between the American Revolution to 1820, in , 000 to ,000 residents.
Agents from New York were sent to Charleston, Savannah, Mobile and New Orleans to buy cotton for shipment.
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13. The Panic of 1819
Suddenly in 1819, the growth came to a sudden if temporary halt.
The value of cotton fell.
The U.S. limited credit.
Depression affected all Americans.
New York Stock Exchange was founded in 1817 to support the large scale commerce by allowing investors to pool funds and create new industries as well as commercial enterprises that were larger than any one person, even a rich one could fund alone. The boom was not continual Europe was growing more of its own food, it was not relying on imports of food from America as heavily. It also was importing cotton faster than it could process and needed time to build more factories. Cotton prices in October were 32.5 cents per pound to 24 cents per pound in December. By early 1819 it was only 14 cents per pound which is not profitable to grow cotton. Bank of US limited credit and called in loans. State banks followed suit and farms foreclosed, small businesses closed People lost jobs. This was felt nation wide because the nations economy was intertwined so much through cotton.
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14. Commerce, Technology, and Transportation
Demand grew for American products such as corn, wheat, wood, and furs.
Internal transportation became essential for the country’s commercial development.
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15. The Erie Canal Albany to Buffalo, New York 363 miles 83 locks
Reduced transportation time and cost.
The Erie Canal
Thomas Jefferson called it “madness” The plan called for an unimaginable engineering feat. The canal needed da series of locks to release
and lower water to accommodate changes in elevation of 565 feet. US had few engineers and no one really knew how to build locks. The longest canal was 26 miles. Martin Van Buren led the fight against the canal until they realized how much enthusiasm there was and it was quickly moved through state legislature. By 1825 the canal four feet deep and 40 feet wide was completed.
Goods and exports that had cost $100 a ton to ship from Lake Erie to New York City before now cost $3 to $9 per ton. Farmers in upstate New York and Ohio could get their wheat now to international markets.
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16. Steamboats, Roads, Travel, and News
Robert Fulton – Clermont
The National Road
Lancaster Turnpike
Newspapers
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Erie Canal boats were pulled by horses walking along the banks Robert Fulton built the first commercially successful steamboat the Clermont which significantly cut the travel time from New York to Albany. Cornelius Vanderbilt was the most successful line running the Erie Canal. In 1802 authorized the use of funds from the sale of government lands in Ohio to build a gravel road tot eh interior of the country. Beginning in 1811 at Cumberland, Maryland the National Road was built across the Appalachian Mountains. When it reached its original terminus at Wheeling, Virginia in 1818 not only had crossed the mountains but also linked the Potomac River with the Ohio River which flowed into the Mississippi and from there to the Gulf of Mexico.
States also built their own roads Lancaster Turnpike across Pennsylvania but travel by road was slow and expensive in the 1820 and 1830s. A stagecoach could travel 6-8 miles per hour on a good road. Until railroads arrived in the 1840s proximity to a canal, river, or the coasts were essential for the productive commerce in goods and services.
Newspapers could help news travel faster. Within the US a man on horse could bring news from New York to Philadelphia or Boston in 2 days. Post offices and Newspapers become essential for the growing and unified market economy.
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17. Canals and Roads in the United States
MAP 9-4 Canals and Roads in the United States
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18. Banks, Corporations, and Finance
Banks printed bank notes and made loans.
A new idea, that of a corporation as a free-standing commercial venture with multiple stockholders, took hold slowly.
Corporations become a feature of America life.
There was a distrust of large business enterprises in the early years. The family farm was the business model that most were familiar with. People might join together on a joint venture, but those were short term.
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19. The Reality of the New Market Economy
Where once rural America had moved to a relaxed, slow pace, the whole country was now a more unified commercial enterprise in which a “busy, bustling, disputatious tone” was the norm because people needed to work and work fast.
Money and politics more important
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20. Why did cotton come to be known as King Cotton in the early 1800s
Why did cotton come to be known as King Cotton in the early 1800s? Be sure to cover North, South and New York.
How did the transportation revolution create new connections between Americans and alter old ones? How did it facilitate the movement and exchange of people, products and ideas?
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21. From the Era of Good Feelings to the Politics of Division
James Monroe’s two terms as president from 1817 to 1825 were known as the “Era of Good Feelings.”
Lack of rancor and animosity between parties and candidates.
Era of Good Feelings
The disappearance of the Federalist party made it seem a nonpartisan world. It was not all calm on the political front however and the Supreme Court was busy expanding their powers and how the new country was formed. Tensions were beginning to become more forefront over cotton, trade and the economy. It was not an Era that would last very long.
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22. The Supreme Court Defines Its Place
Two cases, in particular, demonstrated federal power over state power
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
Marshall court Very powerful Chief Justice. Usually able to convince most of the justices to go along with this side. He expanded the role and power of the federal government.
Marbury vs. Madison set the stage for judicial review and established the role it played in balancing the power of Congress. He never again invoked the right, but did create the same right for the court in relationship to state legislatures and state courts.
2 to focus on it was during this time.
McCulloch v. Maryland Congress had chartered the 2nd Bank of the US established after the War of 1812 to stabilize the US finances. It was not popular with farmers or others who saw it as owned by the commercial elite. In response to the unpopularity and the irregularities in the Maryland branch the state of Maryland imposed a tax on the bank as a way to drive it out of business. The bank in response brought suit in federal court which traveled to the Supreme Court. Marshall wrote the review and took the stance of Hamilton’s “necessary and proper clause”. And meant that Congress had the right to charter a bank if it thought it was in the national interest. Despite the 10th amendment that states should retain any power that was not specifically delegated to the national government in the Constitution. McCulloch v Maryland established that states could not interfere with the workings of the federal government.
2. Gibbons v Ogden court ruled that the state of New York did not have the right to give Ogden, a partner of Robert Fulton, a monopoly to ferry service in New York harbor since the harbor connected New York and New Jersey and thus involved interstate commerce. Which is Congress’ domain.
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23. The Politics of Cotton and the Missouri Compromise of 1820
Slavery becomes a national issue
Question: Should Missouri be admitted to the Union as a free state or slave state?
Admit Missouri as a slave state and make Maine a free state
Furthermore, no future slavery north of 36°30’N - Missouri’s southern border
Missouri was not a cotton state, but grew as a result of the westward movement. It applied to statehood in Congressman Tallmadge of New York introduced an amendment in the Missouri statehood bill to prohibit the introduction of new slaves into the state and gradually free those already there. Obviously this was not popular with the southern congressmen. This is a precursor of things to come over the next 40 years. In a heated debate between Georgia Rep Cobb and Tallmadge civil war is mentioned as the only solution that may settle the argument. Before cotton many believed slavery was on the way out. However it greatly increased the values of slaves as a commodity. Slavery became a hotly contested political issue between the North and the South at this time. Northerners began calling themselves abolitionists and becoming more vocal of their hatred for slavery. For political reasons they felt the 3/5s clause gave the South 17 more seats in the House and 17 more electoral votes. As a result four of the five US presidents who had served by 1820 had come from Virginia. The nation was becoming more divided over the commercial North and the agricultural South.
Before Congress reassembled in 1820 Henry Clay of Kentucky and President Monroe made a Compromise. Even thought the North had the majority of House of Rep. The Senate was equally divided North/South. Maine at this time was seeking statehood. The compromise if Maine and Missouri were admitted at the same time Missouri could become a slave state and Maine a free state. All other states north of the parallel that is the Southern border of Missouri would be admitted as slave states and those North of that line would be free states.
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24. The Missouri Compromise Line
MAP 9-5 The Missouri Compromise Line
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25. The Contenders--- 1. Secretary of War William Crawford of Georgia 2
The Contenders Secretary of War William Crawford of Georgia 2. Secretary of State John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts 3. Secretary of War John C. Calhoun 4. Speaker of the House Henry Clay of Kentucky 5. Andrew Jackson of Tennessee
Monroe did not run for a third term as the tradition set by Washington. The field was wide open, Secretary of Treasury, William Crawford, he had previously stepped out to help Monroe be elected. However only 4 members of Congress showed up to vote in the caucus.
John Quincy Adams as Secretary of State,
John C. Calhoun, Secretary of War advocated for strong army and Army Corp of Engineers to conduct a national survey to get funding to build infrastructure.
Henry Clay Speaker of House supports expansion of national government that controlled the currency through a strong national bank and built roads and bridges to support commerce.
Andrew Jackson seemed an unlikely candidate He was known for being a war hero in the War of 1812 at the Battle of New Orleans. He had served one year in the Senate, but was primarily a military leader. He was nominated by the Tennessee legislature mainly to block Crawford of Georgia. No one including Jackson counted on how popular he would be with the common man.
fun facts
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26. The Contested Election of 1824
No candidate had a majority of the electoral votes
Crawford suffered a stroke and Clay dropped out to support Adams
Adams 13, Jackson 7, Crawford 4. Adams becomes president
Clay later became Adams’ Sec. of State, known as “Corrupt Bargain”
John C Calhoun
Who could vote? All white men and some free blacks in the north. In New York City some free blacks held the power of balance among various factions. By 1824 the (white male) population was more behind Jackson than anyone expected. Jackson was fiercely opponent of banks, the south loved him because he had eliminated the Indian population and helped get them the land they now farmed on. He was anti-elite. Popular was key
Calhoun dropped out because of Jackson popularity, He was elected as vice president since the 12th amendment had mandated that the electors cast a separate vote after the Jefferson Burr fiasco. However, no one won the election by a majority of electoral votes (131 needed). IT was tossed into the HOR. Not since 1800 had it been called to decide an election. Since the house only picked from the top 3 candidates, Clay was eliminated. Even though it had been hidden, Crawford had suffered a stroke and could not assume the presidency. It came down to Jackson and Adams. Clay was determined that Adams would be elected. Adams was elected president by a vote of 13 states. Seven for Jackson and 4 for Crawford.
A conspiracy was born, Did Adams and Clay conspire? Shortly after the election Adams appointed Clay to be his secretary of state and thus his successor if the previous pattern held true. This began Jackson’s 4 year campaign to defeat Adams.
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27. The Adams-Clay Agenda
Adams proposed a list of national improvements to be implemented by the federal government.
American System – promoted internal improvements, especially the building of roads and canals
In his inaugural address, Adams acknowledged that he came into his presidency without the popular vote, but vowed to unite the country. In his last act as Speaker, Clay led an effort to increase the average tariff from 20 to 35 percent. This made the north happy and big business, but not the south which did nothing to increase the price of their cotton they felt the government was working against their economic interests.
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28. The Jackson Victory of 1828 and the Rebirth of Political Parties
A rematch between John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson
Jackson wins and helps to strengthen the emerging Democratic Party
Henry Clay becomes the core of the Whig Party
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29. Quick Quiz- Write to completeness
How did Andrew Jackson’s unexpected popular success in the election of 1824 foreshadow broader changes in the nature of American politics? To whom did Jackson appeal? Why?
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30. Quick Quiz- Write to completeness
How did the nation evolve from the Era of Good Feelings to the partisanship of the mid to late 1820s? What were the most important factors in this transition?
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31. Quick Quiz- Write to completeness
How did the economic policies of the Adams administration contribute to the emergence of new political parties? How was the growing sectional divide reflected in the new parties?
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