1. Ecology Review Test

2. Fill in the Blanks

3. Any species that is at risk because of low or declining numbers is classified as _______________.

4. Any species that is at risk because of low or declining numbers is classified as vunerable.

5. __________________ is the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas to ammonia.

6. Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas to ammonia.

7. Shelter, space, food, and water are all essential parts of an organism’s _________________.

8. Shelter, space, food, and water are all essential parts of an organism’s habitat.

9. __________________ is the conversion of nitrates to form nitrogen gas.

10. Denitrification is the conversion of nitrates to form nitrogen gas.

11. The maximum number of organisms that can survive in an ecosystem is referred to as _______________.

12. The maximum number of organisms that can survive in an ecosystem is referred to as carrying capacity.

13. Top carnivores are most negatively affected by __________________.

14. Top carnivores are most negatively affected by biological magnification.

15. The products of _________________ are CO2, H2O, and energy.

16. The products of cellular respiration are CO2, H2O, and energy.

17. _________________ is the path of an element through an ecosystem.

18. Nutrient cycle is the path of an element through an ecosystem.

19. _________________ are organisms that can make their own food.

20. Producers are organisms that can make their own food.

21. The reactants of _________________ are CO2, H2O, and energy.

22. The reactants of photosynthesis are CO2, H2O, and energy.

23. True and False

24. Available energy increases as you move up the trophic levels.
True
False

25. Available energy increases as you move up the trophic levels.
True
False

26. Extirpated is a term to describe a species that is close to extinction in all parts of Canada.
True
False

27. Extirpated is a term to describe a species that is close to extinction in all parts of Canada.
True
False

28. Photosynthesis is a complimentary process with ammonificaiton.
True
False

29. Photosynthesis is a complimentary process with ammonificaiton.
True
False

30. Lightning and bacteria help to convert atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates in a process called nitrogen fixation.
True
False

31. Lightning and bacteria help to convert atmospheric nitrogen to nitrates in a process called nitrogen fixation.
True
False

32. Tertiary consumers are found in the third trophic level of a food chain.
True
False

33. Tertiary consumers are found in the third trophic level of a food chain.
True
False

34. Arrows in food chains point in the direction of predator to prey.
True
False

35. Arrows in food chains point in the direction of predator to prey.
True
False

36. The burning of fossil fuels decreases the amount of atmospheric CO2.
True
False

37. The burning of fossil fuels decreases the amount of atmospheric CO2.
True
False

38. The reason that food chains are only 4 to 5 links long is because 25 % of energy is transferred at each link.
True
False

39. The reason that food chains are only 4 to 5 links long is because 25 % of energy is transferred at each link.
True
False

40. Autotrophs get their energy from the Sun.
True
False

41. Autotrophs get their energy from the Sun.
True
False

42. Secondary consumers eat producers.
True
False

43. Secondary consumers eat producers.
True
False

44. Multiple Choice

45. Groups of different species of organisms that interact together.
a) community b) population
c) ecosystem d) habitat

46. Groups of different species of organisms that interact together.
a) community b) population
c) ecosystem d) habitat

47. The number of individuals in a given area. a) climax community
The number of individuals in a given area. a) climax community b) carrying capacity
c) population stability d) population density

48. The number of individuals in a given area. a) climax community
The number of individuals in a given area. a) climax community b) carrying capacity
c) population stability d) population density

49. Which of the following is not a density-independent factor that limits population? a) disease b) forest fire c) draught d) change in climate

50. Which of the following is not a density-independent factor that limits population? a) disease b) forest fire c) draught d) change in climate

51. An example of intraspecific competition would be a) wolves and foxes
An example of intraspecific competition would be a) wolves and foxes b) foxes and coyotes c) wolves and wolves d) coyotes and foxes

52. An example of intraspecific competition would be a) wolves and foxes
An example of intraspecific competition would be a) wolves and foxes b) foxes and coyotes c) wolves and wolves d) coyotes and foxes

53. Which organism would likely be most affected by biomagnification in a food web? a) grasshopper b) frog c) snake d) hawk

54. Which organism would likely be most affected by biomagnification in a food web? a) grasshopper b) frog c) snake d) hawk

55. The amount of energy lost to the environment at each trophic level is a) 10 % b) 25 % c) 80% d) 90 %

56. The amount of energy lost to the environment at each trophic level is a) 10 % b) 25 % c) 80% d) 90 %

57. The units used in a pyramid of biomass would be a) km. b) kJ c) kg
The units used in a pyramid of biomass would be a) km b) kJ c) kg d) ks

58. The units used in a pyramid of biomass would be a) km. b) kJ c) kg
The units used in a pyramid of biomass would be a) km b) kJ c) kg d) ks

59. An accumulation of nitrates in ponds from fertilizers can lead to a process called
a) nitrification b) eutrophication c) percolation d) transpiration

60. An accumulation of nitrates in ponds from fertilizers can lead to a process called
a) nitrification b) eutrophication c) percolation d) transpiration

61. Which of the following is not part of the water cycle
Which of the following is not part of the water cycle? a) evapouration b) condensation c) transpiration d) ammonification

62. Which of the following is not part of the water cycle
Which of the following is not part of the water cycle? a) evapouration b) condensation c) transpiration d) ammonification

63. A snake is a example of a: a) producer
A snake is a example of a: a) producer b) primary consumer c) secondary consumer d) decomposer

64. A snake is a example of a: a) producer
A snake is a example of a: a) producer b) primary consumer c) secondary consumer d) decomposer

65. Which of the following species is not an exotic species. a) bison
Which of the following species is not an exotic species? a) bison b) cow c) zebra mussels d) Asian lady beetle

66. Which of the following species is not an exotic species. a) bison
Which of the following species is not an exotic species? a) bison b) cow c) zebra mussels d) Asian lady beetle

67. Which of the following does not have a natural predator
Which of the following does not have a natural predator? a) herbivore b) carnivore c) top carnivore d) producer

68. Which of the following does not have a natural predator
Which of the following does not have a natural predator? a) herbivore b) carnivore c) top carnivore d) producer

69. Agriculture causes the following problems except:
a) habitat lost b) bioaccumulation c) increase of biodiversity d) an artificial ecosystem

70. Agriculture causes the following problems except:
a) habitat lost b) bioaccumulation c) increase of biodiversity d) an artificial ecosystem

71. In the following food chain, which organism would likely contain the largest amount of D.D.T.? Plankton  Squid  Fish  Dolphin a) the plankton b) the squid c) the fish d) the dolphin

72. In the following food chain, which organism would likely contain the largest amount of D.D.T.? Plankton  Squid  Fish  Dolphin a) the plankton b) the squid c) the fish d) the dolphin

73. Questions 35-39 are based on the following situation:
 In a certain region the eyes of deer are parasitized by flies. Assume that the “eye-flies” can live only as parasites on the eyes of the deer. The principal food in the diet of the deer is blueberry bushes.
What is the food-chain in this situation? a) producer: blueberries  first-order consumer: deer  second-order consumer: eye-flies b) producer: eye-flies  first-order consumer: deer  second-order consumer: blueberries c) producer: sun  first-order consumer: deer  second-order consumer: eye-flies d) producer: deer  first-order consumer: blueberries  second-order consumer: eye-flies

74. Questions 35-39 are based on the following situation:
 In a certain region the eyes of deer are parasitized by flies. Assume that the “eye-flies” can live only as parasites on the eyes of the deer. The principal food in the diet of the deer is blueberry bushes.
What is the food-chain in this situation? a) producer: blueberries  first-order consumer: deer  second-order consumer: eye-flies b) producer: eye-flies  first-order consumer: deer  second-order consumer: blueberries c) producer: sun  first-order consumer: deer  second-order consumer: eye-flies d) producer: deer  first-order consumer: blueberries  second-order consumer: eye-flies

75. Questions 35-39 are based on the following situation:
 In a certain region the eyes of deer are parasitized by flies. Assume that the “eye-flies” can live only as parasites on the eyes of the deer. The principal food in the diet of the deer is blueberry bushes.
Suppose the population of eye-flies becomes so large that the eyes of many deer are badly damaged. What will be the probable effect on the organisms in the food chain? a) the blueberry population will decrease b) the blueberry population will increase c) the deer population will increase d) all populations will increase

76. Questions 35-39 are based on the following situation:
 In a certain region the eyes of deer are parasitized by flies. Assume that the “eye-flies” can live only as parasites on the eyes of the deer. The principal food in the diet of the deer is blueberry bushes.
Suppose the population of eye-flies becomes so large that the eyes of many deer are badly damaged. What will be the probable effect on the organisms in the food chain? a) the blueberry population will decrease b) the blueberry population will increase c) the deer population will increase d) all populations will increase

77. Questions 35-39 are based on the following situation:
 In a certain region the eyes of deer are parasitized by flies. Assume that the “eye-flies” can live only as parasites on the eyes of the deer. The principal food in the diet of the deer is blueberry bushes.
An Oriental beetle that feeds only on eye-flies is now brought into the region. If the beetles thrive, what will the probable effect be on the organisms in the food chain?
a) the deer population will increase b) the blueberry population will increase c) the eye-fly population will increase d) all populations will decrease

78. Questions 35-39 are based on the following situation:
 In a certain region the eyes of deer are parasitized by flies. Assume that the “eye-flies” can live only as parasites on the eyes of the deer. The principal food in the diet of the deer is blueberry bushes.
An Oriental beetle that feeds only on eye-flies is now brought into the region. If the beetles thrive, what will the probable effect be on the organisms in the food chain?
a) the deer population will increase b) the blueberry population will increase c) the eye-fly population will increase d) all populations will decrease

79. Questions 35-39 are based on the following situation:
 In a certain region the eyes of deer are parasitized by flies. Assume that the “eye-flies” can live only as parasites on the eyes of the deer. The principal food in the diet of the deer is blueberry bushes.
Assume that the beetles kill all the eye-flies in the region. It could be reasonably predicted that the a) blueberry population will increase in proportion to the beetle population. b) beetle population will increase in proportion to the deer population. c) deer population will increase to the limit of its food supply. d) deer population will decrease.

80. Questions 35-39 are based on the following situation:
 In a certain region the eyes of deer are parasitized by flies. Assume that the “eye-flies” can live only as parasites on the eyes of the deer. The principal food in the diet of the deer is blueberry bushes.
Assume that the beetles kill all the eye-flies in the region. It could be reasonably predicted that the a) blueberry population will increase in proportion to the beetle population. b) beetle population will increase in proportion to the deer population. c) deer population will increase to the limit of its food supply. d) deer population will decrease.

81. Questions 35-39 are based on the following situation:
 In a certain region the eyes of deer are parasitized by flies. Assume that the “eye-flies” can live only as parasites on the eyes of the deer. The principal food in the diet of the deer is blueberry bushes.
Assume that all eye-flies in the region have been destroyed. It can reasonably be expected that a) the deer will die out. b) the consumption of blueberries will stop c) the beetles will die out. d) the blueberries will die out.

82. Questions 35-39 are based on the following situation:
 In a certain region the eyes of deer are parasitized by flies. Assume that the “eye-flies” can live only as parasites on the eyes of the deer. The principal food in the diet of the deer is blueberry bushes.
Assume that all eye-flies in the region have been destroyed. It can reasonably be expected that a) the deer will die out. b) the consumption of blueberries will stop c) the beetles will die out. d) the blueberries will die out.

83. The producers in an ecosystem are a) heterotrophs
The producers in an ecosystem are a) heterotrophs b) autotrophs c) parasites d) omnivores

84. The producers in an ecosystem are a) heterotrophs
The producers in an ecosystem are a) heterotrophs b) autotrophs c) parasites d) omnivores

85. Lightning and certain specialized soil bacteria are very important in the a) nitrogen cycle b) carbon cycle c) water cycle d) phosphorus cycle

86. Lightning and certain specialized soil bacteria are very important in the a) nitrogen cycle b) carbon cycle c) water cycle d) phosphorus cycle

87. An ecosystem is best defined as: a) all the interactions between living things b) the habitat where living things exist c) an area in which living organisms interact with each other and their environment d) a place where organisms reproduce freely producing fertile offspring

88. An ecosystem is best defined as: a) all the interactions between living things b) the habitat where living things exist c) an area in which living organisms interact with each other and their environment d) a place where organisms reproduce freely producing fertile offspring

89. There are 555 rabbits in a 100 square kilometer forest
There are 555 rabbits in a 100 square kilometer forest. This description is of a rabbit: a) ecosystem b) population c) biodiversity d) community

90. There are 555 rabbits in a 100 square kilometer forest
There are 555 rabbits in a 100 square kilometer forest. This description is of a rabbit: a) ecosystem b) population c) biodiversity d) community

91. If an animal is eliminated from a food web: a) other animals may be forced to find other food sources b) some animal populations may grow to a very large number c) some animal populations may decrease to a very small number d) all of the above are true e) none of the above are true

92. If an animal is eliminated from a food web: a) other animals may be forced to find other food sources b) some animal populations may grow to a very large number c) some animal populations may decrease to a very small number d) all of the above are true e) none of the above are true

93. The following are example of decomposers except:
a) mould b) Mushroom c) fungi d) frog

94. The following are example of decomposers except:
a) mould b) Mushroom c) fungi d) frog

95. A 1____ B 2____ C 3____ D 4____ E 5____
The process that uses oxygen to produce energy. A
nutrient cycles
2____
The process that uses sunlight to produce glucose. B
aeration
3____
The process done to limit the amount of nitrates converted to nitrites by denitrifying bacteria. C
photosynthesis
4____
The process that converts nitrogen in the air into nitrates. D
cellular respiration
5____
The continuous movement of chemicals between the
abiotic and biotic parts of the environment. E
nitrogen fixation

96. A 1_D_ B 2____ C 3____ D 4____ E 5____
The process that uses oxygen to produce energy. A
nutrient cycles
2____
The process that uses sunlight to produce glucose. B
aeration
3____
The process done to limit the amount of nitrates converted to nitrites by denitrifying bacteria. C
photosynthesis
4____
The process that converts nitrogen in the air into nitrates. D
cellular respiration
5____
The continuous movement of chemicals between the
abiotic and biotic parts of the environment. E
nitrogen fixation

97. A 1_D_ B 2_C_ C 3____ D 4____ E 5____
The process that uses oxygen to produce energy. A
nutrient cycles
2_C_
The process that uses sunlight to produce glucose. B
aeration
3____
The process done to limit the amount of nitrates converted to nitrites by denitrifying bacteria. C
photosynthesis
4____
The process that converts nitrogen in the air into nitrates. D
cellular respiration
5____
The continuous movement of chemicals between the
abiotic and biotic parts of the environment. E
nitrogen fixation

98. A 1_D_ B 2_C_ C 3_B_ D 4____ E 5____
The process that uses oxygen to produce energy. A
nutrient cycles
2_C_
The process that uses sunlight to produce glucose. B
aeration
3_B_
The process done to limit the amount of nitrates converted to nitrites by denitrifying bacteria. C
photosynthesis
4____
The process that converts nitrogen in the air into nitrates. D
cellular respiration
5____
The continuous movement of chemicals between the
abiotic and biotic parts of the environment. E
nitrogen fixation

99. A 1_D_ B 2_C_ C 3_B_ D 4_E_ E 5____
The process that uses oxygen to produce energy. A
nutrient cycles
2_C_
The process that uses sunlight to produce glucose. B
aeration
3_B_
The process done to limit the amount of nitrates converted to nitrites by denitrifying bacteria. C
photosynthesis
4_E_
The process that converts nitrogen in the air into nitrates. D
cellular respiration
5____
The continuous movement of chemicals between the
abiotic and biotic parts of the environment. E
nitrogen fixation

100. A 1_D_ B 2_C_ C 3_B_ D 4_E_ E 5_A_
The process that uses oxygen to produce energy. A
nutrient cycles
2_C_
The process that uses sunlight to produce glucose. B
aeration
3_B_
The process done to limit the amount of nitrates converted to nitrites by denitrifying bacteria. C
photosynthesis
4_E_
The process that converts nitrogen in the air into nitrates. D
cellular respiration
5_A_
The continuous movement of chemicals between the
abiotic and biotic parts of the environment. E
nitrogen fixation

101. A 1____ B 2____ C 3____ D 4____ E 5____
The role of green plants in an ecosystem. A
trophic level
2____
The role of animals in an ecosystem. B
food web
3____
The feeding order of an organism within a chain. C
consumer
4____
The several food chains linked together. D
bioaccumulation
5____
The build up of pollutants as they pass through a food chain. E
producer

102. A 1_E_ B 2____ C 3____ D 4____ E 5____
The role of green plants in an ecosystem. A
trophic level
2____
The role of animals in an ecosystem. B
food web
3____
The feeding order of an organism within a chain. C
consumer
4____
The several food chains linked together. D
bioaccumulation
5____
The build up of pollutants as they pass through a food chain. E
producer

103. A 1_E_ B 2_C_ C 3____ D 4____ E 5____
The role of green plants in an ecosystem. A
trophic level
2_C_
The role of animals in an ecosystem. B
food web
3____
The feeding order of an organism within a chain. C
consumer
4____
The several food chains linked together. D
bioaccumulation
5____
The build up of pollutants as they pass through a food chain. E
producer

104. A 1_E_ B 2_C_ C 3_A_ D 4____ E 5____
The role of green plants in an ecosystem. A
trophic level
2_C_
The role of animals in an ecosystem. B
food web
3_A_
The feeding order of an organism within a chain. C
consumer
4____
The several food chains linked together. D
bioaccumulation
5____
The build up of pollutants as they pass through a food chain. E
producer

105. A 1_E_ B 2_C_ C 3_A_ D 4_B_ E 5____
The role of green plants in an ecosystem. A
trophic level
2_C_
The role of animals in an ecosystem. B
food web
3_A_
The feeding order of an organism within a chain. C
consumer
4_B_
The several food chains linked together. D
bioaccumulation
5____
The build up of pollutants as they pass through a food chain. E
producer

106. A 1_E_ B 2_C_ C 3_A_ D 4_B_ E 5_D_
The role of green plants in an ecosystem. A
trophic level
2_C_
The role of animals in an ecosystem. B
food web
3_A_
The feeding order of an organism within a chain. C
consumer
4_B_
The several food chains linked together. D
bioaccumulation
5_D_
The build up of pollutants as they pass through a food chain. E
producer

107. Similarities/Differences

108. producer/consumer

109. producer/consumer
both use cellular respiration - producer is able to make its own food (photosynthesis)
consumers rely on other organisms for food

110. predator/prey

111. predator/prey - relationship helps to control both populations - prey is food source for predators - predators at  trophic level vs. prey

112. density-dependent factor density-independent factor

113. density-dependent factor density-independent factor - both types of factors limit population size - dependent factors are caused by  in population - independent factors effect population regardless of size

114. photosynthesis/cellular respiration

115. photosynthesis/cellular respiration
- Photosynthesis only used by producers
Cellular respiration used by producers and consumers
Both used to recycle carbon

116. Diagrams
Write out three food chains from the above food web.

117. Diagrams Write out three food chains from the above food web.
grass  mouse  snake  hawk grass  cricket  frog  hawk grass  mouse  hawk

118. Explain two things that might alter the carbon cycle.

119. Explain two things that might alter the carbon cycle.
- burning of fossil fuels  atmospheric CO2
- deforestation removes trees that absorb atmospheric CO2 through photosynthesis

120. Label the diagram of the nitrogen cycle.

121. Label the diagram of the nitrogen cycle.
A - denitrification (nitrates → nitrogen)
B - ammonification (organic nitrogen → ammonium)
C - nitrification (ammonia → nitrates)
D - assimilation (nitrogen from plants incorporated into animals)
E - nitrogen fixation (nitrogen → ammonia) - ammonification (animal waste → ammonium)

122. Short Answer

123. The following information describes a food chain involving a kingfisher (bird), mosquito larvae, minnows, and algae in a pond ecosystem.
1 kingfisher consumes 10 minnows per day
1 minnow consumes 1000 mosquito larvae per day
1 mosquito larva consumes 2000 algal cells per day
A company sprayed a toxic insecticide (DDT) on farmland to control the insect population. Much of the toxic spray dissolved into a pond ecosystem containing organisms described above.
Each algal cell absorbed 1.0 x 10-7g of toxin.
(a) Calculate the amount of DDT that 1 kingfisher would accumulate in its body tissue in grams using the food chain data stated above. Show your work.

124. The following information describes a food chain involving a kingfisher (bird), mosquito larvae, minnows, and algae in a pond ecosystem.
1 kingfisher consumes 10 minnows per day
1 minnow consumes 1000 mosquito larvae per day
1 mosquito larva consumes 2000 algal cells per day
A company sprayed a toxic insecticide (DDT) on farmland to control the insect population. Much of the toxic spray dissolved into a pond ecosystem containing organisms described above.
Each algal cell absorbed 1.0 x 10-7g of toxin.
Calculate the amount of DDT that 1 kingfisher would accumulate in its body tissue in grams using the food chain data stated above. Show your work.
kingfisher toxin
= (1.0 x 10-7g of DDT / algal cell) x (2000 algal cells / mosquito larva) x (1000 mosquito larvae / minnow) x (10 minnows / kingfisher) = 2 g of DDT per day
Therefore each kingfisher consumes 2 g of DDT per day on average.

125. The following information describes a food chain involving a kingfisher (bird), mosquito larvae, minnows, and algae in a pond ecosystem.
1 kingfisher consumes 10 minnows per day
1 minnow consumes 1000 mosquito larvae per day
1 mosquito larva consumes 2000 algal cells per day
A company sprayed a toxic insecticide (DDT) on farmland to control the insect population. Much of the toxic spray dissolved into a pond ecosystem containing organisms described above.
Each algal cell absorbed 1.0 x 10-7g of toxin.
(b) Kingfishers will die once they have accumulated 40 g of toxin. Calculate how many days it will take until the first kingfishers begin to die.

126. The following information describes a food chain involving a kingfisher (bird), mosquito larvae, minnows, and algae in a pond ecosystem.
1 kingfisher consumes 10 minnows per day
1 minnow consumes 1000 mosquito larvae per day
1 mosquito larva consumes 2000 algal cells per day
A company sprayed a toxic insecticide (DDT) on farmland to control the insect population. Much of the toxic spray dissolved into a pond ecosystem containing organisms described above.
Each algal cell absorbed 1.0 x 10-7g of toxin.
(b) Kingfishers will die once they have accumulated 40 g of toxin. Calculate how many days it will take until the first kingfishers begin to die.
time till death = (40 g of DDT / 2 g of DDT per day)
= 20 days
Therefore it will take approximately 20 days until the first of the kingfishers start to die

127. Based on the documentary “Shark Water”, explain how the finning of sharks is affecting the carbon cycle and contributing to global warming.

128. Based on the documentary “Shark Water”, explain how the finning of sharks is affecting the carbon cycle and contributing to global warming.
Removal of sharks =  in fish populations that eat plankton. Plankton are producers and absorb a larger percentage of the world’s atmospheric CO2. With  plankton, CO2  leading to a greater Green House effect.

129. Consider the population numbers of two imaginary creatures that live in the forest behind BCI: the pookies and the zupas.
year
# pookies
# zupas
1970 35 20
1972 42 22
1974 55 28
1976 60 38
1978 52 46
1980 37
1982
1984 14 45
1986 30
1988
1990 16
1992 25
1994 50 32
1996
1998 40
2000

130. Using proper graphing technique, graph the populations of these creatures on the provided paper. Use a different colour for each population (include a legend) and include an appropriate title for your graph.

131. Using proper graphing technique, graph the populations of these creatures on the provided paper. Use a different colour for each population (include a legend) and include an appropriate title for your graph.
Population numbers for Pookies and Zupas
# of animals
pookies
zupas
year

132. Which creature is the predator
Which creature is the predator? _________________________ What evidence suggests this?

133. Which creature is the predator? Zupas What evidence suggests this?

134. Which creature is the predator? Zupas What evidence suggests this?
- their population trend follows that of the pookies

135. What would you expect to happen to the population of zupas if the population of pookies went down, and why?

136. What would you expect to happen to the population of zupas if the population of pookies went down, and why?
The population of zupas would also decrease because they feed on the pookies.

137. Other than the predator-prey relationship, describe 2 factors that could account for the change in the population of pookies from 1976 to 1984: 1) 2)

138. Other than the predator-prey relationship, describe 2 factors that could account for the change in the population of pookies from 1976 to 1984:
1) Drought could cause their food supply to decrease 2)

139. Other than the predator-prey relationship, describe 2 factors that could account for the change in the population of pookies from 1976 to 1984:
1) Drought could cause their food supply to decrease
2) Disease could have hits the pookies and decreased their numbers.

140. THE END!