1. Tempo Markings Tempo Markings: from the slowest… Grave: Very slow
Largo, Lento: Slow
Larghetto: A little faster than largo
Adagio: Moderately slow
Andante: Walking tempo
Andantino: A little faster than Andante

2. Tempo Markings Allegretto: A little slower than Allegro Allegro: Fast
Vivace: Lively
Presto: Very fast
Prestissimo: Very very fast

3. Tempo Markings Moderato: Moderately Molto: Very
Accelerando (Accel.): Gradually becoming faster
Ritardando, Ritard (Rit.), Rallentando (Rall.): Gradually becoming slower

4. Dynamics From the softest to the loudest
Pianississimo (ppp): Very very soft
Pianissimo (pp): Very soft
Piano (p): Soft
Mezzo Piano (mp): Medium soft
Mezzo Forte (mf): Medium loud
Forte (f): Loud
Fortissimo (ff): Very Loud
Fortississimo (fff): Very very loud

5. Dynamics Crescendo (cresc.): Gradually becoming louder
Decrescendo (decresc.): Gradually becoming softer
Diminuendo (dim.): Gradually becoming softer
Subito: Suddenly

6. Repeat Signs and Other Symbols
Brackets with the number 1 or 2: First or Second Ending
D.S: Dal Segno---Go back to the Sign
D.C: Da Capo---Go back to the beginning
Coda: Special ending to a piece or section
G.P: Grand Pause

7. Bowing Terminology Sul Ponticello: At the bridge
Sul Tasto: Over the fingerboard
Spiccato: Bouncing bow
Col Legno: Playing with the wood of the bow
Tie: Two of the same notes played with one bow
Slur: Two different notes played with one bow
Con Sordino: Using a mute
Sforzando: heavy accent

8. Additional Markings
Simile: To continue playing in the same way or manner
Hemiola: Relationship of two to three
Sempre: Always
Syncopation: Shifting the natural stress or accent to a note not usually accented
Trill: Musical ornament with the rapid alteration of a written note and a note above it
Picardy Third: chord whose third is raised at the end of a minor piece

9. Sharps and Flats Order of Sharps: F C G D A E B
Order of Flats: B E A D G C F
Enharmonic Tones: Notes that sound the same but are spelled differently
Example: A#/Bb; C#/Db

10. Key Signatures C: No Sharps or Flats G: 1 Sharp D: 2 Sharps
A: 3 Sharps
E: 4 Sharps
B: 5 Sharps
F#: 6 Sharps
C#: 7 Sharps

11. Orchestra Clefs Violin: Treble Viola: Alto and Treble
Cello/Bass: Bass, Tenor, and Treble

12. Key Signatures C: No Sharps or Flats F: 1 Flat Bb: 2 Flats Eb: 3 Flats
Ab: 4 Flats
Db: 5 Flats
Gb: 6 Flats
Cb: 7 Flats

13. Scales and Arpeggios Whole and half step relationship for Major Scale
W W H W W W H
Arpeggios: 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 8th note of any Major or minor scale
To find relative minor of Major scale
Go down 3 half steps from the first note of the scale
Find the 6th note of a given scale

14. Chromatic Notes 12. B 11. A#/ Bb 10. A 9. G#/ Ab 8. G 7. F#/ Gb
6. E#/ F
5. E
4. D#/ Eb
3. D
2. C#/ Db
1. B#/ C

15. Music History: Timelines and Composers
Medieval/Middle Ages:
Renaissance:
Baroque:
Classical: (1827)
Romantic: 1820 (1827)-1900
Impressionist:
Contemporary: 1900-Present

16. Medieval/Middle Ages Period: 400-1400
Before the time of modern instruments
No known composers in string orchestra history
Primitive instruments
Beginning of written music notation
Neumes

17. Renaissance Period:
Development of modern instruments that we use today
Motets, Chansons, Madrigals, and Organums

18. Baroque Period: 1600-1750 Terraced dynamics: sudden changes in volume
J.S. Bach: ( )
Death of Bach ended the Baroque Period
Brandenburg Concertos
Johann Pachelbel: ( )
Canon in D Major
G.F. Handel: ( )
Messiah
German composer that later became an English citizen

19. Baroque Period: 1600-1750 G.P. Telemann (1686-1767)
Viola Concerto in G Major
Antonio Vivaldi: ( )
The Four Seasons
Arcangelo Corelli: ( )
Christmas Concerto

20. Baroque Period:
Concerto Grosso: Piece for solo instruments (concertato) complimented with a larger group of instruments (ripieno)
Concerto: Soloist typically accompanied by an orchestra
Orchestras typically lead by a violinist or keyboardist

21. Classical Period: 1750-1820 (1827) Balance, Proportion, Symmetry
F.J. Haydn: ( )
Father of the Symphony
Over 100 Symphonies
W.A. Mozart: ( )
Over 40 Symphonies
Ludwig van Beethoven: ( )
9 Symphonies
Mannheim Orchestra: First to use crescendos

22. Classical Period: (1827)
Development of the modern string quartet
1st Violin
2nd Violin
Viola
Cello
Not common to have a bass unless a piece was written for as a string quintet

23. Romantic Period: 1820 (1827)-1900 Highly emotional works
Tschaikowsky: ( )
Nutcracker
6 Symphonies
1812 Overture
Johannes Brahms: ( )
4 Symphonies
Felix Mendelssohn: ( )
String Sinfonias
Violin Concerto

24. Impressionist Period: 1885-1915
Paralleled the time of many French painters
Most noted was Claude Monet
Music centered around texture and not form
Tone color and/or timbre
Claude Debussy: ( )
Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun
Maurice Ravel: ( )
Bolero
Tzigane: Violin solo

25. 20th Century: 1900-Present Also known as Contemporary or Modern
Aaron Copland: ( ) American
Fanfare for the Common Man
Appalachian Spring
Hoedown
George Gershwin: ( )
Rhapsody in Blue
Porgy and Bess

26. 20th Century: 1900-Present Leonard Bernstein: (1918-1990)
West Side Story
Candide: Most played overture in the world