1. Warm up 1. This picture is an example of what?
2. Which population would be negatively affected by a decrease in microscopic algae?
2b. Which group of organisms is missing from this diagram?

2. Warm up What is an ecosystem?
What happens to an ecosystem after a natural disaster?

3. Warm up What is ecological succession?
Give an example of a pioneer species.

4. The environment consists of living and non living things.
What is Ecology?
The study of interactions among organisms and their environment (surroundings)
The environment consists of living and non living things.

5. Biotic
Biotic factors = all the living things in an area 

6. Abiotic Abiotic factors = Non living things, physical environment
Examples: Temperature, climate, water, mountains etc.

7. Levels of Organization

8. Biosphere
It is made up of the parts of the planet where all life exists
This includes: Land, water, and air, or the atmosphere.

9. Biomes consist of Ecosystems that have similar climates and
communities.

10. Ecosystem
Abiotic factors (air, water, rocks, energy) and biotic factors (plants, animals, and microorganisms)

11. Communities
Different populations that live together in the same area.

12. Populations
Groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area.

13. Species-Individuals Fertile offspring – their babies can have babies
Is a group of organisms so similar to one another that they can breed and produce fertile offspring.
Fertile offspring – their babies can have babies
Same Species? Yes or no?

14. Energy Flow
In order for organisms to interact with their environment, there is a need for energy to power life’s processes
Sunlight is the main energy source for life on Earth

15. Autotrophs (producers)
Organisms that are able to make their own food are called autotrophs, meaning "self-feeders“
Autotroph = producer

16. Producers give us oxygen and START the energy flow on earth.
On land, plants are the main autotrophs
In water, algae are the main autotrophs

17. Consumers Consumers are animals that cannot make their own food.
They get their energy from consuming/eating plants and animals.
Consumer = heterotroph

18. Herbivores Obtain energy by eating plants
Ex: cows, deer, horses, rabbits

19. Carnivores Obtain energy by eating animals, or meat
Ex: snakes, dogs, owls, lions

20. Omnivores
Eat both plants and animals
Ex: humans, bears
crows

21. Decomposers Break down organic matter Ex: Bacteria and fungi
Fungus – mushrooms
(mushrooms are NOT producers!!!)

22. Feeding Relationships
Energy flows through an ecosystem in one direction:
sun → autotrophs (producers) → heterotrophs (consumers)
Food chains: series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating & by being eaten
The arrow shows who is GETTING energy!

23. Food webs: feeding relationships among various organisms in an ecosystem that form a network of complex interactions
Each step in a food chain/web is called a trophic level
Producers make up the 1st trophic level
Each consumer depends on the trophic level below it for energy.

24. Ecological pyramids: diagrams that show the amount of energy/matter in each trophic level in a food chain or food web; there are 3
Energy Pyramid:
Part of energy stored in 1 trophic level is passed on to the next
10% of the energy available from one trophic level is transferred to organisms at the next level
Some of the remaining energy is released into the environment as heat

25. What causes the numbers of individuals in a population to decrease from producer to top level consumers?

26. THE 10% RULE!

27. 10% Rule in Ecology
An average of only 10% of the energy in one trophic level is passed to the next trophic level.
-Students copy this definition
-Ask students to think: why do you think this happens? Think of the game from yesterday. (go to next slide as you talk about this)

28. Pyramid of energy example
DRAW THIS  YOU DON’T HAVE TO DRAW THE PICTURES
Pyramid of energy example
-Students jot down this pyramid of energy in notes (don’t need pictures). Important to include trophic level labels (producer, primary consumers, etc.)
-The “J” stands for joules. Joules are a measure of energy. Calories are another measure of energy.
-Ask students: Quantitatively, what do you notice about how the amount of energy decreases each step through the food chain?
-Notice that each trophic level generally gets ~10% of energy from previous trophic level. This is called the 10% rule.

29. 10% rule...
10%
90% lost as heat
10%
90% lost as heat

30. How much energy at each trophic level?
1000 Cal
? Cal

31. How much energy is at each level?
1000 Cal
100 Cal
10 Cal
1 Cal
9 Cal as heat
90 Cal as heat
900 Cal as heat

32. 10% Rule
Why does only 10% of the total energy from one trophic level is passed to the next?

33. Energy is “used up” for daily life activities.
3 Reasons 10% Rule
Energy is “used up” for daily life activities.
Not all organisms that die are eaten by animals in the next trophic level.
Not all parts of an organism are eaten and digested for energy.
Show just the heading and elicit student responses. When students have given reasons, continue to show 3 reasons for them to copy down.

34. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Energy Pyramid:
Shows the relative amount of energy available at each trophic level.
Only part of the energy that is stored in one trophic level is passed on to the next level.
0.1% Third-level consumers
1% Second-level consumers
10% First-level consumers
Ecological pyramids show the decreasing amounts of energy, living tissue, or number of organisms at successive feeding levels. The pyramid is divided into sections that represent each trophic level. Because each trophic level harvests only about one tenth of the energy from the level below, it can support only about one tenth the amount of living tissue.
100% Producers
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 34

35. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Biomass Pyramid:
Represents the amount of living organic matter at each trophic level. Typically, the greatest biomass is at the base of the pyramid.
50 grams of human tissue
500 grams of chicken
5000 grams of grass
Ecological pyramids show the decreasing amounts of energy, living tissue, or number of organisms at successive feeding levels. The pyramid is divided into sections that represent each trophic level. Because each trophic level harvests only about one tenth of the energy from the level below, it can support only about one tenth the amount of living tissue.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 35

36. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall
Pyramid of Numbers:
Shows the relative number of individual organisms at each trophic level.
Ecological pyramids show the decreasing amounts of energy, living tissue, or number of organisms at successive feeding levels. The pyramid is divided into sections that represent each trophic level. Because each trophic level harvests only about one tenth of the energy from the level below, it can support only about one tenth the amount of living tissue.
Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 36

37. Ecological pyramids show amounts of energy, living tissue, or number of organisms at successive feeding levels.
The pyramid is divided into sections that represent each trophic level.
Because each trophic level harvests only about one tenth of the energy from the level below, it can support only about one tenth the amount of living tissue.

38. Limiting Factors
Resources or environmental conditions that limit the growth, abundance, or distribution of an organism or a population of organisms in an ecosystem.

39. Examples of Limiting Factors
Physical limiting factors – temperature, salinity, nutrients, light +
Biological limiting factors –competition, predation, herbivory

40. Carrying Capacity
What are some limiting factors that could limit population growth?