1. Agriculture, Food Production, and Rural Land Use Review
AP Human Geography
AP Exam Review

2. Agriculture Preview 1st Revolution 2nd Revolution 3rd Revolution
Responses to the Green Revolution

3. Hunting and Gathering
Only way to acquire food for most of our existence (like 99% )
Population of groups were small (20ish - 40ish)
Settlements were not permanent
Development of gender roles
Very few exist today
Bushmen of the Kalahari

4. Agriculture
Deliberate modification of Earth’s surface through cultivation of plants and rearing of animals to obtain sustenance or economic gain
Invented around 10,000 – 14,000 years ago
Invented twice: Vegetative vs. Seed

5. Vegetative Planting: Origin and Diffusion

6. Seed Agriculture: Origin and Diffusion

7. Fertile Crescent: Origin of Civilization
Due to seed selection, plants got bigger over time - selective breeding
Generated a surplus of wheat and barley – allowed people to stay in one place for a prolonged period
First integration of plant growing and animal raising – crops feed livestock, livestock help in growing crops

8. Most basic types of agriculture
Commercial Agriculture (Market-oriented) and Subsistence Agriculture
Distinguished by five characteristics:
Purpose of farming
% of farmers in labor force
Use of machinery
Farm size
Agribusiness
Correlation to MDCs and LDCs?

9. Agricultural Regions: Correlation of Climate
Derwent Whittlesey, 1936 identified 11 regions and 1 “none here” region
Agricultural Regions in MDCs
Agricultural Regions in LDCs
Mixed crop and livestock
Dairy
Grain
Commercial gardening
Livestock ranching
Mediterranean
Plantation
Shifting cultivation
Intensive subsistence wet-rice dom.
Intensive subsistence wet-rice non.
Pastoral nomadism

10. First Agricultural Revolution
About 8,000 years ago
Intentional domestication of plants and animals
Created surplus of crops like wheat and barley
Surplus of food allowed specialization of labor, which created civilization as we know it
Subsistence based

11. Second Agricultural Revolution
Around
Coincided with the Industrial Revolution
New technologies yield more crops
Farming equipment, refrigeration, railroads
Larger farms – could do much more with much less
Introduction of commercial farming – could transport to in-demand markets
Think about its role in the DTM…

12. Third Agricultural Revolution
Also know as the Green Revolution
1940s and 50s - today
Higher-yield seeds
Expanded use of fertilizers and pesticides
GMO/GE crops and animals
Created agribusiness
Major effects on “hungry areas”

13. Organic Revolt: Response to the Green Revolution
Organic Agriculture: production of crops without the use of synthetic or industrially produced pesticides and fertilizers or the raising of livestock without hormones, antibiotics, and synthetic feeds

14. Response to the Green Revolution
Critics of the Green Revolution argue:
1. Vulnerability to pests
2. Dependency on chemicals for production
3. Soil erosion
4. Malnutrition – vitamin & nutrient deficiencies
5. Water shortages
Sikkim, India
2,740 square miles (Harris County = 1,777)
India’s least populated state
Entire state 100% organic by 2015

15. Organic vs. Non-Organic Cropland
Organic: 1 dot = 250 acres
Non-Organic: 1 dot = 25,000 acres

16. Von Thünen’s Model
X = intensive, higher-value land, perishable goods, easy accessibility to market
Y = extensive, lower-value land, fewer perishable goods, less accessibility to market Y X

18. Von Thünen’s Model’s a little outdated:
Refrigeration and food preservation
Not all agricultural products are used for food
Regional and global markets
Increased transportation
Decreased need for forests
Government policies