2. Materials Engineering7
Materials Engineering

3. Objectives Define materials engineering.
Identify different types of materials.
Describe a range of material properties.
List examples of material tests.
Describe nanotechnology.

4. Materials Engineering
The understanding and modification of structure and properties of materials to improve the performance and processing of material.
Example- they may work in manufacturing to find the best ways to produce products using specific materials. An engineer may develop a better way to use plastics to make toys.

5. About Materials Engineering
Historical time periods based on materials
Stone Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Information Age (silicon and plastics)
Understanding of science is important
Design and development of new materials
Production using specific materials

6. Education Typically Required
High school courses
Upper-level math (calculus and statistics)
Upper-level science (chemistry and physics)
College courses
Engineering design
Thermodynamics of materials
Structures of materials
Metallurgy
Internships

7. Professional Organizations
ASTM-American Society for Testing and Materials
Develops material testing standards
Over 30,000 members worldwide
Materials Information Society
Materials Research Society
NACE International(National Assoc. For Corrosion Engineers)
Other organizations for ceramics, plastics, and metals

8. Principles of Materials Engineering
Broad field
Materials are used in every engineering field
All engineers must understand basic principles
Types of materials
Properties of materials

9. Material Types
Metals
Ceramics
Polymers
Composites

10. The Four Types of Materials
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11. Metals Have crystalline atomic structure Inorganic material
High material strength
Good conductors of heat and electricity
Malleable
Inorganic material
Most pure metals are natural
Many are found in ore
Commonly used in alloys

12. Atomic Structure of Crystalline Materials
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13. Properties of Various Forms of Alloys
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14. Ceramics Most have crystalline structure Brittle Good insulators
Strong in compression
High melting temperature
Can retain heat well
Brittle
Good insulators
Include clay, cement, many types of abrasives
Some can become magnets

15. Polymers Organic materials Noncrystalline Can be natural or synthetic
Plastics are most common type
Lightweight but strong
Easy and fairly inexpensive to process
Have some negative environmental impacts
Thermoplastics and thermosets

16. Atomic Structure of Noncrystalline Materials
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17. Thermoplastics and Thermosets
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18. Going Green Recycling Plastics Saves use of oil and natural gas
Less plastics take up space in landfills
Society of Plastics Industry created codes
Include recycling symbol, number, and abbreviation
Useful to consumers who recycle
Over 82 million tons of materials are recycled per year in U.S.

19. Composites Utilize advantages of several materials
Each material can be identified
Can be natural or synthetic
Most consist of matrix and fiber
Matrix is main material
Fiber is strengthening material
Include wood, concrete, plywood, and fiberglass

20. Other Materials Fluids Semiconductors Biomaterials Air and water
Many products rely on their use
Semiconductors
Can act as insulators or conductors
Used to create electronic components
Biomaterials
Can interact safely with human body
Used in medical applications

21. Design Materials Symbols Used in architectural design
Symbols for common building materials
Brick
Concrete
Cinder block
Symbols for insulation, glass, and metal
Allow designers and architects to include graphics of types of materials to be used

22. Examples of Materials Symbols
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23. Material Properties Physical Chemical Mechanical Thermal Electrical
Magnetic
Chemical
Thermal
Optical
Acoustical

24. Physical Properties Can often be obtained using senses
Include size, shape, look, feel, taste, and smell
Some cannot be determined by senses
Most commonly used is density
Mass per unit of volume
Often used to compare materials

25. Mechanical Properties
How material behaves when force or load is applied
Understanding of stress is important
Can be applied through axis of material
Shear stress is not applied through axis
Causes strain on material
Compression strength and tensile strength
Elasticity
Plasticity

26. A Stress/Strain Diagram
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27. Electrical Properties
How a material behaves when electrically charged
Materials fall into one of three categories
Conductors
Insulators
Semiconductors
Conductivity
Resistivity

28. Magnetic Properties
How a material behaves when within a magnetic field
Magnetic permeability
Measured in Henrys per meter
Impacted by temperature and distance from magnetic field
If it is high, material will allow magnetic flow

29. Chemical Properties Changed by a chemical reaction
Include flammability
Include corrosion
Often need to be controlled because they can be damaging to material

30. Thermal Properties How the material responds to heat
Thermal conductivity
Thermal resistance
Thermal expansion
Melting point

31. Optical Properties How light waves interact with material
How well material absorbs light
How well material reflects light
How well material transmits light
Reflected light gives material color
Transmission occurs when light is absorbed and reflected by transparent materials but still passes through materials

32. Acoustical Properties
How sound waves interact with material
How well material absorbs sound
How well material reflects sound
How well material transmits vibration
Porous materials usually absorb sound
Smooth materials reflect sound in one direction
Rough materials reflect sound in many directions

33. Material Engineering Applications
Material testing
Many companies specialize in specific materials
ASTM develops standards for testing
Nanotechnology
One nanometer is one billionth of meter
Has potentially exciting impacts

34. Material Testing
Used for new materials when creating new products or improving existing products
Designer might try different formulation of existing material
Large industry
Categories of material tests
Destructive material tests
Nondestructive material tests

35. Destructive Tests Often used to test mechanical properties
Exert a force on material until it fails
Tensile tests
Compression tests
Fatigue tests
Often used to test chemical properties
Test material’s reaction to corrosion
Material exposed to saltwater

36. Nondestructive Tests Used to inspect materials
Used to look for flaws and defects
Visual examinations, sometimes with dyes
Some use waves
Radiography tests
Ultrasonic tests
Some use currents
Eddy current testing
Magnetic particle testing

37. Potential Uses of Nanotechnology
For delivery of medicines directly to cancerous tumors
For creating microscopic computer chips
For manufacturing materials that repair and clean themselves

38. Nanoparticles Most basic components at nanoscale
Some materials demonstrate properties at nanoscale that are not present at larger scales
Products are being designed that utilize these properties

39. Nanostructures Nanowires Nanotubes Buckyballs
Designed to transmit light or electricity
Might be useful in computer circuits and lighting
Nanotubes
Cylindrical fullerenes with honeycomb pattern
Useful in electronics and structural applications
Buckyballs
Most perfectly round molecules
Useful as lubricants

40. Nanotubes
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41. Buckyballs
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42. Materials Engineering in Action
Used to select or create most appropriate materials for engineered solution
Engineers must consider several key elements
Material function
Manufacturability
Cost
Safety