1. Revision AS2 Ethnicity Learning Intention
Discuss all eight key knowledge concepts
Understand the key skills required to answer the SAC questions
Attempt to answer several exam questions in 30 words or less

2. Key Skills – Refer to Page 56
Explain To give a detailed account or expand on the reasons for something.
Provide advantages and disadvantages if applicable .
Outline A general account or a summary indicating only the key features
Analyze To identify the main features and then examine closely ; examine parts show how parts relate . If an argument is proposed describe both sides
Apply To use the information provided or knowledge and make links and
connections , use theory to help in a practical example
Evaluate To carefully assess or consider the statement and comment on the
strengths and weaknesses.
Before turning over powerpoint slides ask students to advise what the key skills are in this paragraph.
Students should come up with the following

3. Key Knowledge – Refer to Page 56
KK1. The nature and meaning of the sociological concepts of race and ethnicity
KK2 The concepts of Ethnocentrism , Cultural Relativism , and the “the other”
KK3 The nature and theory of ethnic hybridity as informed by Stuart Hall .
KK4 Australia’s ethnic diversity compared with other developed countries

4. Key Knowledge. Refer to Page 56
Kk5 The social , political and economical impact of immigration , assimilation and multiculturalism as opposing policy conditions
KK6 How social institutions at the local , state and national level engage with , and respond to , the needs of ethnic groups.
KK7 The experience of a specific ethnic group with reference to relevant sociological concepts and theory .
Identify , non material , material , cultural activities by the group, challenges
KK8 The nature of ethical methodology with reference to voluntary participation , informed consent , privacy and the confidentiality of data.

5. KK1. The nature and meaning of the sociological concepts of race and ethnicity
Race - Is an “ascribed status “ or a label that others assign to an individual because of a characteristic .
“Race” is based on looks , biological & physical features
E.g There are 3 types of race:
Caucasoid – Relatively light skin and fine hair
Negroid _ darker skin and course hair
Mongoloid – brown or yellow skin with distinctive folds on eyelids .
Ethnicity – Is a socially constructed characteristic that is seen as important in society .These traits are learnt and passed through generations through the process of socialization.

6. KK1. Features of an Ethnic Group
These features are :-
Language _ Most common language spoken
History – Historical heritage - Is the country known for it’s Arts , Architecture where is it’s origin.
Customs _Social practices that are considered the norm
Religion _ Most popular belief
Ancestry _ The origin or background of the ethnic group
Dress _ Traditional dress . E.g Kilt or Sari
Food _ Most popular dish

7. KK1. Issues surrounding the use of the term Ethnicity
The Ethnic group may not fit in with how the majority of people see themselves.
Ethnic communities may see themselves as “homogenous” even though there are often variations between ethnic groups
Ethnic groups can be seen as traditional and unprogressive – not moving with the times.
Research and media tend to focus on minority groups that may appear vastly different which can lead to negative media coverage .

8. KK2 The concepts of ethnocentrism , cultural relativism and the “other”
Ethnocentrism – The tendency to measure all other cultures in relation to ones own
Cultural Relativism – The attempt to understand a cultures behavior by examining their customs , religion , language and other features of ethnicity . It is a term associated with a person respecting and tolerating the difference in other cultures .
“The Other” _ Otherness is the labelling of a group who are seen as outsiders by the dominant culture .
This group is seen as different to the dominant core .
(refer to diagram)

9. KK2 “The Other” Continued
By ”othering “ ethnic groups a division can be occur between the dominant core group or culture and the minority ethnic group.
As a result the Impact of Othering can lead to ethnic groups feeling :-
Excluded
Racism in School and Work can be experienced
Fear of forming relationships in the community because of being seen as different
Moral panic between the dominant core and the other can form because the
dominant core feel the minority groups are “Taking all our jobs” . As a result the
minority groups start forming ghetto’s and violent gangs .

10. KK2 – “The Other “ examples
In the 1990’s there was a belief among society that Australia was being swamped by Asians . This led to moral panic about this ethnic group.
Other recent examples:-
The Cronulla Community felt the Lebanese community were taking over their beaches and community – this led to the Cronulla Riots in

11. KK3 –The nature and theory of Ethnic Hybridity
How do we develop an Identity ?
We develop an identity through our primary and secondary socializations.
Primary being the Family
Secondary being the Educational and Religious Institutions
What is Ethnic Hybridity ?
Ethnic Hybridity is an identity we develop when we mix two or more cultural influences.
Who was the founder of Ethnic Hybridity ?
Professor Stuart Hall the founder of Ethnic Hybridity suggested ethnic hybridity is a blend of ethnic identities resulting in people having multiple cultural identities
Secondary socializations – We develop identities through day to day family rituals , religious ceremonies.
Furthermore , through Education where students mix with others from different backgrounds can create more than one identity.
Stuart Hall further suggests individuals borrow artefacts and practices from people of different cultures which contribute to their own culture creating a whole new culture.

12. KK3 Ethnic Hybridity Examples
Mecca LaLa – An Australian born Lebanese Muslim follows an Australian lifestyle ( her love for swimming) but remains true to her religion and wears a “burqini”.
( Refer to notes below )
Greek , Italian , Croation , Vietnamese – or any ethnic group will tend to have one set of cultural experiences within their homes.
Eg. Speaking one language at home and another at school .
Eg Attending Greek School or Italian School to ensure features of the culture are learnt and practiced.
E.g Wearing Traditional Dress during a ceremony yet speaking a different language at the same ceremony.
Mecca Lala felt the need to try and change the image that was portrayed about Muslim people in general because of what happened in the Cronulla Riots.
In 2005 the Cronulla riots happened in Sydney .
The Riots stemmed from tensions between the Lebanese community and the white population .
“One of the comments by one of the rioters was “they were taking back the beach” because they felt the Lebanese community .
Approx 5,500 people gathered at the beach a fight broke out which was between “a group of Volunteer lifesavers” and “youths of middle eastern descent”.
As a result of the riots travel warnings were issued by some countries .

13. KK4 - Australia’s ethnic diversity compared with other countries
Ethnic Diversity can be defined as the cultural diversity of societies in a community .
E.g Clayton in Melbourne is the most diverse suburb in Australia .
In order to understand how ethnically diverse Australia is , we need to compare it to the ethnic diversity of other countries and analyze how the two countries differ in terms of their migrant populations, religions , ethnic origins and the languages spoken.

14. KK Continued
Refer to
Be able to explain :
How Australia is ethnically diverse ( refer to statistics regarding languages spoken , migration numbers, religions)
How is Australia more ethnically diverse than other developed countries.eg Japan
How is Australia similar to ethnically diverse countries such as U.K ,U.S and Canada
What are the similarities and differences between 2 countries .

15. Practice Exam Questions KK1 – KK4
Explain how the concept of the “other” relates to race and ethnicity ?
Demonstrate the extent of Australia’s ethnic diversity by drawing a comparison with one other developed country .Use evidence from the representations and or material that you have studied this year ?
Explain how race and ethnicity differ ?
Explain how the concept of the ’other’ relates to race and ethnicity ?