1. Chapter 8: Photosynthesis

2. 8-1
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the directly usable form of energy for cellular processes

3. 8-1
ATP
Energy in ATP is released when the bond between the second and third phosphate group is broken

4. 8-1
ATP
ADP can be “recharged” to ATP with the addition of energy and a phosphate group
Energy
Energy
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Partially
charged
battery
Fully
charged
battery

5. Energy is released from ATP when
a phosphate group is added.
adenine bonds to ribose.
ATP is exposed to sunlight.
a phosphate group is removed.

6. Photosynthesis Overview
8-2
Photosynthesis Overview
Method of using light energy to convert CO2 and water into sugar (glucose) and oxygen
This is how carbon and energy enters the food chain

7. A student is collecting the gas given off from a plant in bright sunlight. The gas being collected is probably
oxygen.
carbon dioxide
ATP.
water vapor.

8. 8-2
Chloroplasts

9. 8-2

10. Light-dependent Reactions
Occurs in thylakoids
Requires light to charge electrons
Energy from electrons used to produce ATP and NADPH
This energy powers the second part of photosynthesis, The Calvin Cycle

11. Light-dependent Reactions
8-3
Light-dependent Reactions
Take place within the thylakoid membrane
Hydrogen
Ion Movement
Photosystem II
ATP synthase
Inner
Thylakoid
Space
Thylakoid
Membrane
Stroma
Electron
Transport Chain
Photosystem I
ATP Formation

12. Light-dependent Reactions
8-3
Light-dependent Reactions

13. Which of the following is NOT involved in the Light Dependent Reactions
oxygen.
carbon dioxide
ATP.
water

14. Choose the correct pathway of energy,
Light  Electrons  ATP
Electrons  Light ATP
ATP Electrons  Oxygen
Water  Oxygen  ATP

15. Calvin Cycle (Light-independent Reactions)
Powered by ATP and NADPH generated in light reactions
Occurs in the stroma

16. The Calvin Cycle (light-independent reactions)
CO2 is carbon source for glucose (sugar)
And all other carbon compounds
This is how carbon enters the food chain

17. 8-3

18. What would happen if a plant was placed in a room filled with nothing but oxygen?
It would grow faster
It would not be able to produce ATP
It would not be able to produce glucose
It would not require water

19. Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration

20. Using Chemical Energy
Plants and animals both use glucose for metabolic fuel
Glucose is not directly usable
Must be converted into ATP first

21. Cellular Respiration Overview
Converts glucose into ATP
Occurs in both plants and animals
Cellular Respiration Reaction:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
Opposite of photosynthesis
- 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

22. Which of the following is NOT a product of cellular respiration?
Carbon Dioxide
Water
ATP
Oxygen

24. How are cellular respiration and photosynthesis almost opposite processes?
Photosynthesis releases energy and cellular respiration stores energy.
Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and cellular respiration puts it back.
Photosynthesis removes oxygen from the atmosphere, and cellular respiration puts it back.
All of the above

27. to electron transport chain
Glycolysis
Glucose  two pyruvic acid (a.k.a. pyruvate)
Occurs in the cytoplasm
Produces 2 ATP
Glucose
2 Pyruvate
2 G3P
to electron transport chain

28. Which substance is needed to begin the process of glycolysis?
ATP
NADP
Carbon Dioxide
Pyruvic Acid

30. Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Oxygen required = aerobic
2 more sets of reactions which occur in a specialized organelles called mitochondria
1. The Krebs Cycle
2. The Electron Transport Chain

32. The Krebs Cycle A.K.A. The Citric Acid Cycle
Completes the breakdown of glucose
Carbon and oxygen atoms end up in CO2 and H2O, respectively
Produces only 2 more ATP
but produces electron carriers NADH and FADH2 which move to the 3rd stage (E.T.C.)

33. The Krebs Cycle
Citric Acid Production

34. The Krebs Cycle Products (per glucose): 6 CO2 2 ATP 8 NADH 2 FADH2
to E.T.C.

35. The Krebs Cycle takes place within the
Chloroplast
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
Cytoplasm

36. During the Krebs Cycle
Hydrogen ions and oxygen form water
The cell releases a small amount of energy through fermentation
Each glucose molecule is broken down into two molecules of pyruvic acid
Pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of reactions

38. Electron Transport Chain
Powered by electron carriers from the Kreb’s Cycle
NADH and FADH2
Produces a total of 32 ATP
Oxygen is needed to accept electrons at the end
Produces water as a byproduct

39. The Electron Transport Chain
Hydrogen Ion Movement
Electron Transport
H+ Active Transport
H+ Diffusion
Intermembrane
Space
ATP synthase
Inner Membrane
Mitochondrial Matrix
ATP Production

40. Energy Tally 36 ATP for aerobic vs. 2 ATP for anaerobic
Glycolysis ATP
Krebs ATP
Electron Transport Chain 32 ATP
36 ATP

41. Why do animals need to breathe in oxygen?
To convert glucose into pyruvate during glycolysis
To accept electrons in the electron transport chain
To carry NADH and FADH2 to from the Krebs Cycle to the E.T.C.
To produce water

42. Which of the following processes is NOT part of aerobic cellular respiration?
The Krebs Cycle
The Electron Transport Chain
The Citric Acid Cycle
Glycolysis

47. Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
Also called fermentation
Some organisms thrive in environments with little or no oxygen
Marshes, bogs, digestive tracts, sewage treatment tanks, etc.
No oxygen used = anaerobic
Results in no more ATP
The final steps in these pathways serve ONLY to regenerate NAD+ so it can keep glycolysis running
End products such as ethanol and CO2 (yeast in beer/bread) or lactic acid (muscle cells)

48. Fermentation Overview

49. Alcoholic Fermentation
Used by yeasts and other microorganisms
Produces carbon dioxide and ethanol
Used to make bread and alcoholic drinks (beer, wine, etc.)

50. Lactic Acid Fermentation
Used by both unicellular and multicellular organisms
Lactic acid buildup in muscles causes a burning sensation
Used in the production of sour cream, cheese, yogurt, and many other foods & beverages
Glucose
Pyruvic Acid
Lactic Acid

51. Fermentation Overview