1. Polar Ecology

3. “Sea ice is a key component in structuring polar environments
“Sea ice is a key component in structuring polar environments. Beside its important role as a platform for marine mammals and birds, it serves as a habitat for a unique highly specialized community of bacteria, algae, protozoa and metazoa, which contribute to the biogeochemical cycles of the Arctic and Antarctic seas.’’

7. Our ocean: connected at Depths

8. Regions 90N to 70N 70N to 50N 50N to 30N 30N to 10N 10N to 10S
10S to 30S
30S to 50s
50S to 70N

11. Ozone Hole : 220 Dobson unit

12. Primary production likely be affected – open discussion

13. Arctic 79 vs 07

14. 2050

15. Will sea level rise from Arctic melts?

16. Warming water and melting land ice : mean sea level up 4
Warming water and melting land ice : mean sea level up 4.5 cm from1993 to 2008
Not uniform
ocean heat storage
Light blue constant
Yellow to white most rapid rise
Slow down in the sub-polar gyre
Thermohaline circulation weakening?
Major Extinctions

18. Great Auk
Stellar’s sea cow

20. Antarctic vs Arctic Ocean
50 to 70 degrees S
35-38 million sq km
Narrow shelf, few islands
Shelf m
Open to 3 oceans
Circumpolar current
Vertical mixing high
Nutrient high continuously
High primary productivity
Little to no freshwater input
Salinity 34 ppt
High seasonal ice pack
Low benthos disturbance
70 to 80 degrees N
14.6 million sq km
Broad shelf, archipelagos
Shelf m
At Fram & Bering straits
Transpolar
Little vertical mixing
Seasonally depleted
Moderate primary productivity
Extensive fluvial input
Salinity 31 ppt
Ice pack seasonally low
Extensive bottom disturbance

24. Convergent evolution of antifreeze glycoproteins in Antarctic
notothenioid fish and Arctic cod
(repetitive sequenceygene duplicationysequence convergenceytrypsinogen)
LIANGBIAO CHEN, ARTHUR L. DEVRIES, AND CHI-HING C. CHENG*
FIG. 1. Polyacrylamide gel of fluorescently labeled AFGPs from Antarctic notothenioid Dissostichus mawsoni (Dm) and Arctic cod Boreogadus saida (Bs) and the amino acid compositions of the three size groups of Arctic cod AFGPs. The two polar fishes show comparable size heterogeneity, especially AFGP 6-8

25. Antitropical Distribution:
Carl Hubbs (1952)

26. Number of fish species between Antarctic and Arctic
Chondrichthyes
Salmoniformes
Myctophiformes
Gadiformes
Cottidae
Liparidae
Zoarcoidei
Nototheniodei
Pleuronectiformess
11 vs 26
0 vs 32
35 vs 7
21 vs 44
0 vs 44
31 vs 17
22 vs 67
95 vs 0
4 vs 28