1. ChemCatalyst: Sept 8, Tuesday
Construct a food web for forest ecosystem
Be sure to include three producers, two primary consumers, two secondary consumers and at least one apex consumer.

2. ChemCatalyst: Sept 9, Wednesday
What is the apex consumer in forest food web?

3. ChemCatalyst: Sept 15, Tuesday
What does “diversity” mean in relation to AP ES?
What does “richness” mean?
What about “evenness” and “dominance”?

4. Day 2: Biomes & Climate

5. The Earth Has Many Different Climates
Weather –local areas short term condition of the atmosphere.
Climate – average atmospheric conditions measured over a long period of time *

6. Wind, Climate, and Biomes
Indirect form of solar energy,
Carries heat, moisture, plant nutrients, soil particles and long lived air pollutants
Dust blown from West Africa – soil nutrients in Amazonian rain forests, toxic air pollutants in the US *

7. Warm, less salty, shallow current
Figure 7.5
Connected deep and shallow ocean currents. A connected loop of shallow and deep ocean currents transports warm and cool water to various parts of the earth. This loop, which rises in some areas and falls in others, results when ocean water in the North Atlantic near Iceland is dense enough (because of its salt content and cold temperature) to sink to the ocean bottom, flow southward, and then move eastward to well up in the warmer Pacific. A shallower return current aided by winds then brings warmer, less salty—and thus less dense—water to the Atlantic. This water can cool and sink to begin this extremely slow cycle again. Question: How do you think this loop affects the climates of the coastal areas around it?
Cold, salty, deep current
Connected Deep and Shallow ocean currents
Fig. 7-5, p. 143

8. Micro-Climates
Heat is absorbed and released more slowly by water than by land. Creates land and sea breezes
World’s oceans and large lakes moderate weather and climate *

9. Effect of earth’s surface features
Mountains-interrupt flow of prevailing winds and movement of storms
Rain shadow effect

10. Draw and label this in your notes!
Prevailing winds pick up moisture from an ocean.
On the windward side of a mountain range, air rises, cools, and releases moisture.
On the leeward side of the mountain range, air descends, warms, and releases little moisture.
Figure 7.7
The rain shadow effect is a reduction of rainfall and loss of moisture from the landscape on the side of a mountain facing away from prevailing surface winds. Warm, moist air in onshore winds loses most of its moisture as rain and snow on the windward slopes of a mountain range. This leads to semiarid and arid conditions on the leeward side of the mountain range and the land beyond. The Mojave Desert in the U.S. state of California and Asia’s Gobi Desert are both produced by this effect.
Rain Shadow Effect

11. Effect of earth’s surface features (cont)
Cities -Microclimates bricks, concrete, asphalt absorb and hold heat and buildings block wind flow. Cars release large amount of pollutants. More haze and smog, higher temperatures and lower wind speeds

12. Climate Affects Where Organisms Can Live
Major biomes: large terrestrial regions characterized by similar climate, soil, plants and animals.
Latitude and elevation
Annual precipitation
Temperature –tropical, temperate, polar *

13. The Earth’s Major Biomes*

14. Effects of Elevation and Latitude on Climate and Biomes
Draw this in your notes!
Mountain ice and snow
Elevation
Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses)
Coniferous Forest
Figure 7.9
Generalized effects of elevation (left) and latitude (right) on climate and biomes. Parallel changes in vegetation type occur when we travel from the equator to the poles or from lowlands to mountaintops. Question: How might the components of the left diagram change as the earth warms during this century? Explain.
Deciduous Forest
Latitude
Tropical Forest
Tropical Forest
Deciduous Forest
Coniferous Forest
Tundra (herbs, lichens, mosses)
Polar ice and snow
Fig. 7-9, p. 147

15. Fragile Ecosystem Slow plant growth Low species diversity
Slow nutrient recycling
Lack of water
Figure 7.11
Climate graphs showing typical variations in annual temperature (red) and precipitation (blue) in tropical, temperate, and cold deserts. Top photo: a popular (but destructive) SUV rodeo in United Arab Emirates (tropical desert). Center photo: saguaro cactus in the U.S. state of Arizona (temperate desert). Bottom photo: a Bactrian camel in Mongolia’s Gobi Desert (cold desert). Question: What month of the year has the highest temperature and the lowest rainfall for each of the three types of deserts?
Stepped Art
Fig. 7-11, p. 149

16. Temperate: Prairie & Stepp
Tropical: Savanna
Temperate: Prairie & Stepp
Cold - arctic tundra: permafrost, very fragile biome
Figure 7.12
Climate graphs showing typical variations in annual temperature (red) and precipitation (blue) in tropical, temperate, and cold (arctic tundra) grassland. Top photo: wildebeests grazing on a savanna in Maasai Mara National Park in Kenya, Africa (tropical grassland). Center photo: wildflowers in bloom on a prairie near East Glacier Park in the U.S. state of Montana (temperate grassland). Bottom photo: arctic tundra (cold grassland) in autumn in front of the Alaska Range, Alaska (USA). Question: What month of the year has the highest temperature and the lowest rainfall for each of the three types of grassland?
Stepped Art
Fig. 7-12, p. 151

17. Temperate Shrub land: Nice Climate, Risky Place to Live
Chaparral
Near the sea: nice climate
Prone to fires in the dry season *

18. Chaparral Vegetation in Utah, U.S.
Near the sea: nice climate, prone to fires in the dry season
California, Around the Mediterranean, South Africa, Chile
Figure 7.14
Chaparral vegetation in the U.S. state of Utah and a typical climate graph.
Stepped Art
Fig. 7-14, p. 152

19. Tropical rain forests Temperature and moisture
Stratification of specialized plant and animal niches
Little wind: significance
Rapid recycling of scarce soil nutrients
Impact of human activities *

20. Temperate deciduous forests
Temperature and moisture
Broad-leaf trees
Slow rate of decomposition: significance
Impact of human activities *

21. Evergreen coniferous forests: boreal and taigas
Temperature and moisture
Few species of cone: bearing trees
Slow decomposition: significance
Coastal coniferous forest
Temperate rain forests *

22. Black-crowned antpitta45
Stratification
Harpy eagle
Emergent layer 40 35
Toco toucan
Canopy 30 25
Height (meters) 20
Wooly opossum
Under story 15
Figure 7.17
Stratification of specialized plant and animal niches in a tropical rain forest. Filling such specialized niches enables species to avoid or minimize competition for resources and results in the coexistence of a great variety of species. 10
Brazilian tapir
Shrub layer 5
Black-crowned antpitta
Ground layer
Fig. 7-17, p. 156