1. Biomes

2. BIOME is the collection of ecosystems sharing similar climatic conditions.

4. Uneven Solar Heating and Latitude
Earth as a whole is in thermal equilibrium, but different latitudes are not. Moving masses of air and ocean currents transport energy from locations with a surplus to those with a deficit.

5. Tropical deciduous forest
Cell 3 South
Cold,
dry air
falls
Moist air rises — rain
Cell 2 South
Cool, dry
air falls
Cell 1 South
Moist
air rises,
cools, and
releases
moisture
as rain
Cell 1 North
Cell 2 North
Cell 3 North
Polar cap
Arctic tundra
60°
30° 0°
Evergreen
coniferous forest
Temperate deciduous
forest and grassland
Desert
Tropical deciduous forest
Equator
Tropical
rain forest
Model of global air circulation and biomes.
The direction of air flow and the ascent and descent of air masses in convection cells determine the earth’s climatic zones.

6. Generalized effects of altitude and latitude on climate and biomes.
Parallel changes in vegetation occur when moving from the
Equator to the poles or from the lowlands to mountaintops.
Mountain
Ice and snow
Altitude
Tundra (herbs,
lichens,
mosses)
Coniferous
Forest
Tropical
Deciduous
lichens, mosses)
Polar ice
and snow
Latitude

8. DESERT BIOMES Polar desert (northwest China) Tropical desert
(Saudi Arabia)

9. Tropical grassland (savanna) Polar grassland (arctic tundra)
GRASSLAND BIOMES
Tropical grassland (savanna)
(Harare, Zimbabwe)
Polar grassland (arctic tundra)
(Fort Yukon, Alaska)

10. Temperate deciduous forest (Nashville, Tennessee)
FOREST BIOMES
Tropical rain forest
(Manaus, Brazil)
Temperate deciduous forest
(Nashville, Tennessee)

11. AQUATIC BIOMES
Ocean
Coral reefs
Rivers
Lakes
Mangroves

12. High tide
Low tide
Coastal Zone
Estuarine
Zone
Continental
shelf
Open Sea
Sea level
Sun
Euphotic Zone
Bathyal Zone
Abyssal Zone
Depth in
meters 50
100
200
Photosynthesis
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
10,000
Darkness
Twilight

13. DIVERSITY is a generic term for heterogeneity. If may refer to:
Genetic diversity is the total number of genetic characteristics of a specific species.
Habitat diversity is the diversity of habitats in a given unit area.
Species diversity
Species richness – total number of species.
Species evenness – relative abundance of each species.
Species dominance – the most abundant species.

14. Figure a and b have the same species richness, but different species evenness.

15. Changes in the distribution of animals with elevation on a typical mountain in Kenya.

16. Change in the relative abundance of a species over an area or a distance is referred to as an ecological gradient.