1. Cold Climates

2. Tundra Climate (Without Trees)
Temperature
Summers are short and cool: 15 degrees max.
Winters are long and cold : degrees.
Large annual temperature range
Precipitation
In the form of snow, below 250mm per annum
Natural Vegetation
Very little vegetation. Only mosses, heathers and lichens can survive extreme cold.
Wildlife
Can survive in summer but migrate south for winter.

6. Boreal Climate (Northern)
Found between 55 degrees north and the arctic circle (66½ degrees N)

8. Vegetation of Boreal Climate
Evergreen coniferous (cone bearing) forest called Taiga.
Forests have survived intact because the climate is too harsh for agriculture.
Taiga accounts for 20% of world’s forested area.
Spruce, fir and pine are very common.
They take between 70 and 150 years to reach maturity.

9. Spruce in Canada

15. Boreal Wildlife Rich variety including minks, bear, wolf and fox.
They have adapted by:
Hibernating
Developing thick fur to retain heat
Changing the colour of their fur with the seasons for camouflage
Some animals have hooves that spread out to act like a snowshoe
Migrating south for the winter

17. People of the Boreal Forest
Few people live in the boreal forest because of the harsh climate.
Miners, foresters and native people - Lapps (Sami) live there.
There are more than 50,000 Sami living in Lapland. (Northern Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia).
Europe’s last tribe. Nomadic. Herders of reindeer.
Many have become urban dwellers and taken employment in the forestry and mining industries.

21. Problems Forests at risk from logging companies.
Huge areas of forests have been cleared
Wood in huge demand for paper and chipboard.
Forests at risk from mining and oil exploration companies.