1. Proteins
Structure
Elements: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), & sometimes Sulfur (S)
Monomer
Amino Acid –Amino Group (NH2), Carboxyl Group (COOH), and an R group bonded to a single carbon; 20 different amino acids

2. Proteins The order of amino acids is specific for each protein
makes a different protein than
Proteins differ in the number and order of amino acids
Amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds
Proteins are large, complex molecules that have a specific shape and the order of amino acids determines the protein’s shape (structure)
If the amino acid order is changed, the protein will have a different shape and will not function properly.

3. Proteins

4. Proteins
Function
Proteins are a critical component of every single cell in your body & have a wide range of functions
SOME functions: growth, support (connective tissues), movement (muscles), transport of molecules in & out of cells, transport of molecules around body, enzymes, fight infections, energy*, hormones
* Your body will not use proteins for energy unless you are not eating enough carbs & lipids for your energy requirements. Proteins are critically important and your body will not break them down for energy unless it has no other option.

5. Proteins
Examples

6. Proteins: ENZYMES A special type of protein Remember:
Enzymes work to lower the amount of energy needed for the reaction to happen, which is called “activation energy”
What do you think the effect of an enzyme is on a reaction’s rate?
Reactions happen faster when activation energy is lowered

7. Proteins: ENZYMES Factors that effect Enzyme Activity:
Temperature, pH, Enzyme Concentration (amount of enzyme), Substrate Concentration (amount of substrate), Presence of Inhibitors
Product
Substrate
Enzyme – Substrate Complex
Enzyme – Substrate Complex
Active Site

8. Proteins: ENZYMES
Inhibitors
Inhibitor
Inhibitor

9. Nucleic Acids Structure
Elements: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), and Phosphorus (P)
Monomer
Nucleotide
3 Parts:
Phosphate
Base
Sugar
PBS

10. Nucleic Acids
Examples:
DNA & RNA

11. Nucleic Acids
DNA is antiparallel – the 2 strands are parallel, but opposite
5’ End has the Phosphate group; 3’ End has the OH
One strand goes 5’-3’ & the other strand goes 3’-5’
A bonds with T (and U for RNA)
C bonds with G
Covalent bonds are strong
Hydrogen bonds are weak

12. Nucleic Acids
Function DNA contains the genetic information RNA makes protein

13. DNA is double stranded; RNA is single stranded
Nucleic Acids
DNA vs RNA
DNA is double stranded; RNA is single stranded

14. Nucleic Acids
Since we eat organisms, we are eating cells along with that cell’s DNA
Our body breaks down the cells & their DNA
The components (atoms) are recycled, & our body uses them to build our own DNA

15. CHONPS
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Protein
Nucleic Acid
CHO
CHON(S)
CHONP