1. CHAPTER 3: VERB, ADVERB, PREPOSITION, CONJUNCTION, INTERJECTION
PARTS OF SPEECH OVERVIEW*

2. THE VERB
A verb is a word that is used to express action or a state of being.
The verbs can be classified in three different ways: helping or main verbs, action or linking verbs, and transitive or intransitive verbs

3. HELPING VERBS AND MAIN VERBS
A helping verb helps the main verb express action or a state of being. A main verb and at least one helping verb make up a verb phrase together.
Examples:
Seiji Ozawa will conduct many outstanding orchestras.
He has been praised for his fine conducting.
Forms of Be Am
Are be
Been was
Being were Is
Forms of Do do
does did
Forms of Have
had
has have
Other helping verbs
can
could
may
might should
must will
shall would

4. ACTION VERBS
An action verb is a verb that expresses either physical or mental activity.
Examples:
The sailor swabbed the deck.
The trainer groomed the racehorse.
Langston Hughes wrote volumes of poetry.
Physical activity
Mental activity
Laugh
Paint
Leap
Sneeze
Play
Understand
Wish
Trust
Realize
Dream

5. LINKING VERBS
Linking verbs connect the subject to a word or word group that describes or identifies the subject.
The noun, pronoun, or adjective that is connected to the subject by a linking verb completes the meaning of the verb.
Forms of Be am
are be
been
being is
Was
were
Other verbs
appear
become
feel
grow
look
remain
seem
smell
sound
stay
taste
turn

6. TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS
A transitive verb is a verb that expresses an action directed toward a person, place, thing or idea.
Examples:
Joel held the baby.
Loretta brought flowers.
An intransitive verb express action without the action passing to a receiver, or object.
*Direct objects and indirect objects complete the meaning of transitive verbs. A direct object is a noun, pronoun, or word group that tells who or what receives the action of the verb. An indirect object is a noun, pronoun, or word group that sometimes appears in sentences containing direct objects.
Examples:
The Evans twins played quietly indoors the whole day.
Janet swam well.

7. TRANSITIVE VERBS
Transitive verbs are not just verbs that can take an object; they demand objects.
Without an object to affect, the sentence that a transitive verb inhabits will not seem complete.
EXAMPLES:
Please bring coffee.
The transitive verb here is bring because its object is the noun coffee (the thing that is being brought). Without an object of some kind the verb cannot function by itself. In this case the sentence would be like this:
“Please bring.” It is not a complete sentence.

8. LIST OF COMMON TRANSITIVE VERBS
BRING
COST
GIVE
LEND
PLEASE BRING ME A GLASS OF WATER.
MY COAT COST A LOT OF MONEY
BUY
GET
LEAVE
MAKE
DO NOT BUY HAMBURGUERS AT THAT RESTAURANT.
OFFER
PASS
PLAY
READ
MY BOSS OFFERED ME A GREAT NEW JOB.
ALLL THE STUDENTS PASSED THE TEST.
OWE
PAY
PROMISE
REFUSE
I OWE YOU TEN DOLLARS
DON’T FORGET TO PAY THE PHONE BILL.
SEND
SING
TEACH
MY BOYFRIEND SENDS ME A TEXT MESSAGE EVERYDAY.
SHOW
TAKE
MY NEIGHBOR SHOWED ME HER GARDEN YESTERDAY.
WRITE
TOMMY WRITES SHORT STORIES ABOUT THE SOUTH.
TELL
THE AUTHOR TELLS A GOOD STORY.

9. INTRANSITIVE VERBS
An intransitive verb is the opposite of a transitive verb: it does not require an object to act upon.
A number of English verbs can only be intransitive; that is, they will never make sense paired with an object. 
Two examples of intransitive-only verbs are arrive and die. You can’t arrive something, and you certainly can’t die something; it is impossible for an object to follow these verbs.
ARRIVE
LIE
WENT
SNEEZES

10. THE ADVERB
AN ADVERB IS A WORD THAT MODIFIES A VERB, AN ADJECTIVE OR ANOTHER ADVERB.
AN ADVERB MAKES A MEANING OF A VERB, AN ADJECTIVE, OR ANOTHER ADVERB MORE DEFINITE.
AN ADVERB TELLS WHERE, WHEN, HOW OR TO WHAT EXTENT (HOW MUCH OR HOW LONG).
EXAMPLES:
THEY SAID THE FOREST FIRE STARTED HERE. (WHERE?)
LOUIS PROMPTLY ROUNDED UP SUSPECTS. (WHEN?)
THE ACCIDENT OCCURRED SUDDENLY. (HOW?)
MS. KWAN WAS QUITE PROUD OF THE GIRLS’ DEBATE TEAM. (TO WHAT EXTENT?)

11. TYPES OF ADVERBS THEY ARE LIVING HAPPILY. (MANNER).
ADVERBS CAN BE CLASSIFIED, ACCORDING TO THEIR FUNCTION, AS THE FOLLOWING:
ADVERBS OF MANNER: ANGRILY, HAPPILY, EASILY, SADLY, RUDELY, LOUDLY..
ADVERBS OF PLACE: NEAR, THERE, SOMEWHERE, INSIDE, OUTSIDE, AHEAD…
ADVERBS OF TIME: YESTERDAY, NOW, THEN, TOMORROW, TODAY, LATE, EARLY…
ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY: OFTEN, SOMETIMES, USUALLY, FREQUENTLY, SELDOM…
EXAMPLES:
THEY ARE LIVING HAPPILY. (MANNER).
THEY WERE COMING HERE. (PLACE).
HE WILL GO TO SCHOOL TOMORROW. (TIME).
I MEET HIM DAILY. (FREQUENCY).

12. ADVERB OR ADJECTIVE?
MANY ADVERBS END IN –LY AND MANY OF THEM ARE FORMED BY ADDING –LY TO ADJECTIVES.
HOWEVER, SOME WORDS ENDING IN – LY CAN BE USED AS ADJECTIVES.
EXAMPLES: FRIENDLY, LIKELY, MONTHLY, LONELY, LIKELY, TIMELY, ONLY. (ALL OF THESE WORDS ARE ADJECTIVES).
ADJECTIVE
+ -LY
= ADVERB
BRIGHT
LOUD
= BRIGHTLY
= LOUDLY

13. ADVERBS MODIFYING ADJECTIVES
AN UNUSUALLY FAST STARTER, KAREN WON THE RACE.
ADVERB
OUR COMMITTEE IS ESPECIALLY BUSY AT THIS TIME OF YEAR.

14. ADVERBS MODIFYING OTHER ADVERBS
SOMETIMES ADVERBS CAN MODIFY OTHER ADVERBS TO MAKE THE SENTENCE MORE SPECIFIC.
EXAMPLES:
ELENA FINISHED THE PROBLEM MORE QUICKLY THAN I DID.
ADVERB
OUR GUEST LEFT QUITE ABRUPTLY.
ADV. ADV.

15. THE PREPOSITION
A PREPOSITION IS A WORD THAT SHOWS THE RELATIONSHIP OF A NOUN OR PRONOUN, CALLED THE OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION OF ANOTHER WORD.
EXAMPLES:
THE PACKAGE UNDER THE TREE IS MINE.
THE PACKAGE NEAR THE TREE IS MINE.
THE PACKAGE NEXT TO THE TREE IS MINE.
THE PACKAGE IN FRONT OF THE TREE IS MINE.
*NOTICE HOW A CHANGE IN THE PREPOSITION CHANGES THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PACKAGE AND TREE.

16. THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE
ALL TOGETHER, THE PREPOSITION, THE OBJECT OF THE PREPOSITION, AND ANY MODIFIERS OF THE OBJECT ARE CALLED A PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE.

17. ADVERB OR PREPOSITION?
SOME WORDS MAY BE USED AS BOTH PREPOSITIONS AND ADVERBS.
TO TELL AN ADVERB FROM A PREPOSITION, REEMEMBER THAT A PREPOSITION ALWAYS HAS A NOUN OR PRONOUN AS AN OBJECT.
EXAMPLES:
ADVERB: THE PLANE CIRCLED ABOVE.
PREPOSITION: THE PLANE CIRCLED ABOVE THE FIELD.