1. World Englishes Jennifer Jenkins
A resource book for students

2. Strand 1: Historical, social and political context
English as a first language (L1)
- 329,140,800 speakers (cf. Crystal 2003a)
English as an institutionalised second language (L2)
- 430,614,500 speakers (cf. Crystal 2003a)
English as a foreign language (EFL)
English as a lingua franca (ELF) A1

3. The two diasporas of English
First diaspora
Migrations to North America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa
L1 varieties of English = ‘new Englishes’
Second diaspora
Colonialisation of Asia and Africa
L2 varieties of English = ‘New Englishes’ A1

4. The legacy of colonialism
The devaluing of local language and culture
Assumption of the inferiority of the indigenous language and culture vs. the superiority of the colonisers and their language
Lack of confidence with L2 users of English, inferiority complex (Medgyes 1994)
The loss of ethnic identity
Destruction of the ethnic identities of colonised peoples
Loss of indigenous languages (heritage languages) as markers of identity
Loss of place (ethnic homeland) as markers of identity B1

5. ‘English Only’ in the US
Increase in multi-ethnicity:
Growing population of ethnolinguistic minorities
Reversal of policy for education in immigrants’ L1s
‘Proposition 227’ (1998)
Obligatory immersion program
‘Sink or swim’
Alienation from own first language and culture
Social isolation
Loss of cultural identity C1