1. Cell Structure and Transport Review
Honors

2. What are the components of the cell theory?
All living things are made up of cells.
All cells come from pre-existing cells.
Cells are the basic unit and structure of all living things.
What kinds of organisms would the cell theory apply to?
All – anything composed of a cell or cells

3. What are each of these scientists known for?
Hooke
Leewenhoek
Schliden
Schwann
Virchow
Cork
living cells
cell theory plants
cell theory animals
cell theory reproduction

4. Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Which has nucleus?
Eukaryotes
Which is smaller?
Prokaryotes
Why?
Less complex, fewer organelles
How are they alike? Both contain
Ribosomes
DNA
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm

5. Examples of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Bacteria – E coli, Salmonella, Cholera
Eukaryotes
Humans, plants, amoeba, algae, paramecium
What kinds of organisms would the cell theory apply to?
All – anything composed of a cell or cells

6. Plant and Animal Cells Similarities Cell membrane ribosomes nucleus
ER and Golgi
Mitochondria
Differences
Plant cell
Chloroplasts
Cell wall
Large Vacuole
No lysosomes
Animal Cell
Lysosomes
Small vacuole
Flagella/cilia

7. Organelles Proteins What is the command center of the cell? Nucleus
In what form is DNA in the nucleus?
chromatin
The center of the nucleus is the
Nucleolus
And what is assembled there?
ribosomes
Ribosomes make
Proteins
Membrane or no membrane?
No membrane
Located in two places
Rough ER
cytoplasm

8. Organelles What is the function of the smooth ER?
Make lipids, detoxify, create transport vesicles
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Modifies molecules, proteins
Transports them out of the cell
What is the function of the rough ER?
Make membrane proteins, secretory proteins, enzymes, transport vesicles
Studded with?
ribosomes
Connected to nucleus?
yes

9. Organelles
How does a protein make it from ribosome to the outside of the cell?
Ribosome ER
transport vesicle
Golgi
fuse with cell membrane

10. Organelles What breaks down and digests things?
Function of a vacuole?
Chemical and water storage
What breaks down and digests things?
lysosomes
What do they use to do this?
Digestive enzymes

11. Organelles Function of a chloroplast? Contain what pigment?
Mitochondria function?
Aerobic (cellular) respiration
Chemical energy to ATP
Contains own DNA?
Yes
Function of a chloroplast?
photosynthesis
Contain what pigment?
Chlorophyll
Contains its own DNA?
yes

12. Organelles Function of cytoskeleton? Made of? Assist in cell division
Centrioles function?
Assist in cell division
Function of cytoskeleton?
Shape, movement
Made of?
protein fibers (microtubules, microfilaments)
Extensions?
Cilia, flagella

13. Organelles Function of cell wall? Made of?
Cell junctions function?
Binding of cells, communication
Function of cell wall?
Shape, support, protection
Made of?
Cellulose fibers

14. Life requires Energy Kinetic? Potential? Endergonic
Types of chemical reaction?
Endergonic
Energy required
Example
Photosynthesis (sunlight required)
Exergonic
Energy released
Cellular respiration (ATP made)
Kinetic?
Motion
thermal (heat), light)
Potential?
Stored energy
Chemical energy
The energy in ATP

15. Life requires Energy In the form of? Where is the energy in ATP?
Held in the phosphate bonds
ATP -> ADP

16. Cell Membrane Lets certain things in and certain things out?
Semipermeable, selectively permeable
Primary component?
Phospholipids
These create a bilayer, with a heads and tails
The heads are
Hydrophilic
The tails are
hydrophobic
Fluid Mosaic means?
Molecules can drift laterally and there are many parts
Proteins in the membrane do what?
Attach membrane to cytoskeleton
Provide ID tags
Form junctions between cells
Act as enzymes
Movement of materials across the membrane

17. Passive Transport what direction do molecules move?
Hi -> Low
With or against concentration gradient?
with
Energy required? No
Molecules diffuse, resulting eventually in?
Equilibrium, homeostasis
Types? There are 3
Simple Diffusion
What happens in simple diffusion?
Molecules spread evenly to fill a space
Facilitated Diffusion
What happens in fd?
Transport proteins allow molecules to cross membrane
What kinds of molecules?
Large, polar, charged
Osmosis
What happens in osmosis?
Diffusion of water across membrane

19. Osmosis – Animal cells vs. Plant cells
In a hypotonic environment, what happens?
Cells burst
This is called?
cytolysis (hypotonic)
Some cells can adapt to hypotonic environments with an organelle called a
contractile vacuole
How does it work?
it fills with water and then squeezes it out of the cell.
Where might you find a contractile vacuole?
Freshwater or seawater organism
Plant cells
What prevents bursting in hypotonic environment?
Cell wall
The pressure that water exerts against the cell wall (in a hypotonic solution)?
Turgor pressure
Plants without water (hypertonic) wilt and die, this is called
plasmolysis

20. Active Transport what direction do molecules move?
Low -> high
With or against concentration gradient?
against
Energy required?
YES
In what form?
ATP

21. Active Transport What 3 types did we discuss? Endocytosis Exocytosis
Sodium/Potassium Pump
Function?
To keep Na high on outside of cell, K high on inside of the cell, this maintains a charge gradient (positive on outside, relatively negative on inside)
Endocytosis
How does it work?
Infolding of membrane forms a vesicle
Examples
Pinocytosis
Which is?
Cell drinking
Phagoctosis
Cell eating?
Exocytosis
Vesicles fuse with cell membrane to release contents outside of the cell
What does it do this for?
To get rid of waste and send chemical signals