1. CELL STRUCTURE AND CELL ORGANISATION
CHAPTER 2

2. Cellular components of animal & plant cells

3. Cell wall
Plant Cells
Animals Cells
Plasma membrane
Vacuole
Chloroplast

4. Nucleolus Ribosomes Vesicles Nucleus Golgi Apparatus Plasma membrane
Vacuole
Lysosome
Nucleolus
Mitochondrion
Ribosomes
Centriole
Vesicles
Cytoplasm
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleus
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Plasma membrane

5. Cellular components Organelles Non-organelles Vacuoles Nucleus
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Centrioles (animal cell only)
Chloroplast (plant cell only)
Non-organelles
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Cell wall (plant cells only)

6. Functions

7. Controls all the cell activities
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Controls all the cell activities
Has many pores (nuclear pores) in the nuclear membrane for materials to enter & exit the nucleus
Nucleolus is involved in the synthesis of ribosome & ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Separates the genetic material from cytoplasm

8. Are either attached to the ER or occur freely in the cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Are either attached to the ER or occur freely in the cytoplasm
Are small ‘protein factories’ for protein synthesize

9. Synthesizes & transports proteins made by ribosomes
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Synthesizes & transports proteins made by ribosomes
Present in large amounts in cell that makes protein
E.g. in gut cells that manufacture digestive enzymes

10. Receives proteins from Rough ER,
Golgi Appratus
Receives proteins from Rough ER,
modifies & combines the proteins with carbohydrates to form glyco-protein
Transport & stores lipids

11. Does not have ribosomes Synthesizes & transport lipids
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Does not have ribosomes
Synthesizes & transport lipids
Present in large amounts in cells that make lipids & steroids
E.g. cell of liver & testes

12. Forms the cell’s powerhouse
Mitochondrion
Forms the cell’s powerhouse
Produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the energy source for the cell

13. Supports & protects the cell organelles
Cytoplasm
Supports & protects the cell organelles
provides a medium for all cellular metabolic reactions
medium to produce energy, to manufacture materials & to store minerals

14. Transport undigested material to the cell membrane for removal
Lysosome
Break down macromolecules such as proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, polysaccharides as well as worn-out organelles
Transport undigested material to the cell membrane for removal

15. Are found only in animals cells
Centriole
Are found only in animals cells
Involved in cell division (mitosis & meiosis)

16. The outer covering of the cell
Plasma membrane
The outer covering of the cell
separates the cell from its environment and allows materials to enter and leave the cell

17. Comparing & contrasting the structure of animal and plant cells

18. Animal cells Plant cell Similarities Differences
Both animal and plant cells have plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes and mitochondria
Differences
Not fixed
SHAPE
Fixed
Absent
CELL WALL
Present
CHLOROPLAST
If present, are small & scattered throughout the cell
VACUOLE
Has one or a few large vacuole(s) filled with cell sap
LYSOSOME
Normally absent
CENTRIOLE
Carbohydrates are stored in the form of glycogen granules
FOOD STRORAGE
Carbohydrates are stored in the form of starch grains

19. The Density of Certain Organelles in Relation to Functions of Specific Cells

20. What are organelles?
“little organs” Are tiny structures inside a cell that perform specific functions for the cell

21. What are organelles? “3 main functions of organelles:
Carry out their specialized functions:
E.g. Mitochondria; FUNCTION?
Acts as containers to separate parts of the cell from other parts
E.g. lysosomes
Sites for chemical reaction
E.g. Chloroplast

22. Relationship between the Density & Functions of certain Organelles
Density of an organelles :
total number of that particular organelles within a cell
depends on the function of the cell
to make sure that the cell can perform its specialized functions well

23. Relationship between the Density & Functions of certain Organelles
E.g.
Cell that specialize in producing enzyme generally have more ER & ribosomes to _____________& mitochondria to _____________________for its activities

24. The density of mitochondria in active cells
Depends on:
The activity level of an organism
The more active an organism is, the higher its average density of mitochondria
The specific function of a particular cell
Cell of active tissues & organs have higher mitochondria densities

25. The density of mitochondria in active cells
Active cells that have high mitochondria densities:
Sperm cells
flight muscle cells
meristemic cells
liver cells
kidney cells

26. The density of Chloroplast in the Palisade Mesophyll Cells of Leaves
Palisade mesophyll of a leaf is :
the main photosynthesis tissue
Packed with chloroplast to trap sunlight needed to synthesize sugar during photosynthesis
Are arranged in a vertical position to optimise sunlight trapping

27. Density of certain organelles
Type of cells
Function
Density of certain organelles
Sperm cells
To swim towards either one of the Fallopian tubes to fertilise the ovum
Mitochondria – are sites of cellular respiration in which energy in the form of ATP is generated through oxidation of food substances such as glucose
Flight muscle cells insects and birds
Contraction and relaxation of muscles provide movement & locomotion
Mitochondria
Cells in the meristem
Divided actively to produce new cells for growth
Palisade mesophyll cells
Carry out photosynthesis
Chloroplast – contain chlorophyll which trap light energy for photosynthesis
Goblet cells in the respiratory tract
Secrete mucus
Golgi apparatus
Liver cells
Detoxification of drugs
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Pancreatic cells, cells of salivary glands, stomach cells, cells of intestine
Produce enzyme
Rough endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus