1. Cell Structure and Function

2. Definition of a Cell
A cell is the smallest unit that is capable of performing life functions.
Shape = function
Nerve Cell
Skin Cell
White Blood Cell

4. Two types of Cells
Prokaryotic – do not have membrane bound organelles (Unicellular)
Eukaryotic – contain membrane bound organelles (Multicellular)

5. Prokaryotic Do not have structures surrounded by membranes.
Few internal structures
One-celled organisms
Example: Bacteria

6. Eukaryotic Contain organelles surrounded by membranes
Most living organisms

7. Examples of Cells Red Blood Cell Plant Stem Amoeba Proteus Bacteria
Nerve Cell

8. Cell Parts
Organelles

9. Cell Membrane Outer boundary of the cell
Selectively Permeable Membrane – controls what can and cannot pass through it.

10. Cell Membrane Structure
Phospholipid Bilayer
Proteins – create special passages for specific molecules.
Carbohydrate markers – identification tag for proteins

11. Functions of the Cell Membrane
Keeps things in
Keeps things out
Regulates what passes through:
Nutrients and Food
Gases
Water

12. Ribosomes
Ribosomes floating in the cytoplasm produce proteins that are going to be use for THAT cell
Ribosomes that attach to the ER produce proteins that are going to leave the cell.
Ribosomes floating in cell ---- protein for THAT cell
Ribosome on ER ---- protein for ANOTHER cell

13. Function of Ribosomes Organelles which make proteins from RNA.
Made up of RNA

14. Nucleus DNA and RNA are made Surrounded by nuclear envelope
Nuclear Pores – holes in the nuclear envelope which allows things to enter and leave the nucleus

15. Nuclear Membrane Surrounds nucleus Made of two layers
Openings allow material to enter and leave nucleus

16. Function of Nucleus
Organelle which contains the genetic information of the cell that directs all activities of the cell

17. Nucleolus
Inside nucleus
Where ribosomes are formed

18. Lysosome One cell may contain several lysosomes
Each lysosome may contain up to 40 different enzymes

19. Function of Lysosomes
Organelles which contain the digestive enzymes of the cell used for recycling
Lysosomes perform “Apoptosis” – which is “cell suicide” – the Lysosome breaks open, spilling out the digestive enzyme, and kills the whole cell. All organelles in the cell get reused and a new cell is formed.

20. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) – has ribosomes attached to it
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) – does NOT have ribosomes attached to it

21. Functions of the ER Rough ER Smooth ER
Membrane that is an extension from the nuclear envelope which creates a pathway for the proteins.
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Holds the ribosomes
Stores compounds such as lipids and carbohydrates
Stores proteins
Detoxify poisons or toxins
Puts proteins in bubbles called vesicles to send them to other cells

22. Golgi Bodies/Apparatus
Processing, packaging, and secreting organelle of the cell
Made of flattened sacs

23. Function of Golgi Apparatus “The Post Office”
1.) Prepares proteins that are going to be secreted. 2.) Wraps these proteins in a vesicle 3.) Sends the proteins to the cell membrane.

24. Pathway of Proteins
1.) Protein is made by the ribosomes 2.) Stored inside RER 3.) Protein is put into a vesicle 4.) Vesicles travels to Golgi 5.) Vesicles fuses with Golgi and releases protein 6.) Proteins are changed in the Golgi 7.) Proteins are repackaged into new vesicle 8.) Vesicle fuses with cell membrane and protein is released

25. Mitochondria – Powerhouse of the Cell
Converts food into energy (Function)
Smooth outer membrane
Folded inner membrane
Cristae – folds in the inner membrane (more folds, more energy)

26. Cytoplasm Gel-like mixture Surrounded by cell membrane Function:
Organelles float in it
Contain the nutrients and chemicals of the cell

27. Cell Movement
Cilia – tiny hairlike structures that provide movement. Lines inner membranes of organisms to move fluids
Flagellum – a long whip like tail

28. Cell Wall (Plants) Thick outer covering surrounding the membrane
Made of Cellulose

29. Vacuoles Fluid filled sac Function: Animal – small vacuoles
Stores extra nutrients and water
Stores waste
Animal – small vacuoles
Plant – one large vacuole

30. Chloroplast Round green disks Function:
Organelle which is the site of photosynthesis

31. “Typical” Plant Cell

32. “Typical” Animal Cell