1. Cell Structure and Function

2. Plasma Membrane (Cell Membrane)
Contains cell contents
Double layer of phospholipids & proteins regulates the passage or transport of certain molecules into and out of the cell, while preventing the passage of others.
Called Semi-permeable

3. Phospholipids Polar Interacts with water Hydrophylic head
Hydrophobic tail
Interacts with water

4. Nucleus Control center of cell Double membrane Contains Chromosomes
Nucleolus

5. DNA Hereditary material Chromosomes Chromatin DNA Protiens
Form for cell division
Chromatin

6. Nuclear Envelope Separates nucleus from rest of cell Double membrane
Has pores

7. Nucleolus Most cells have 2 or more Directs synthesis of RNA
Forms ribosomes

8. Cytoplasm Viscous fluid containing organelles components of cytoplasm
Interconnected filaments & fibers
Fluid = cytosol
Organelles (not nucleus)
storage substances

9. Centrioles Pairs of microtubular structures
Play a role in cell division

10. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Helps move substances within cells
Network of interconnected membranes
Two types
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

11. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes attached to surface
Manufacture protiens
Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER
May modify proteins from ribosomes

12. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
No attached ribosomes
Has enzymes that help build molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids

13. Mitochondria
Have their own DNA
Bound by double membrane

14. Mitochondria Break down fuel molecules (cellular respiration)
Glucose
Fatty acids
Release energy
ATP

15. Golgi Apparatus Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall
Packaging & shipping station of cell

16. Golgi Apparatus Function
1. Molecules come in vesicles
2. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane
3. Molecules may be modified by Golgi

17. Golgi Apparatus Function (Continued)
4. Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicle
5. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus
6. Vesicles may combine with plasma membrane to secrete contents

18. Lysosomes Contain digestive enzymes Functions Aid in cell renewal
Break down old cell parts
Digests invaders

19. Cytoskeleton Filaments & fibers Made of 3 fiber types 3 functions:
Microfilaments
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
3 functions:
mechanical support
anchor organelles
help move substances

20. Pinocytic Vesicles Also called cell drinking
Large pocket where large molecules such as proteins and lipids, which cannot pass through the cell membrane, will enter the cell
The edges close and pinch away forming a bubble or vacuole in the cytoplasm.

22. Meiosis The process of cell division of the sex cell or gamete
When fertilization occurs, the two sex cells combine to form a simple cell called a zygote

23. Mitosis Divides into two distinct process Division of the nucleus
Division of the cytoplasm
Its an orderly series of steps by which the DNA in the nucleus of the cell is equally distributed to two daughter or identical nuclei
Not all cells reproduce at the same rate:
Blood forming cells in the bone marrow, cells of the skin, cells of the intestinal tract reproduce continuously.
Muscle cells reproduce every few years.

24. Interphase “Resting Stage”
An exact duplicate of each nuclear chromosome is made (replication)
At the start of mitosis, each chromosome has already replicated and called a chromatid
Joined by a structure called a centromere
Two Centrioles are found in the Centrosome and they replicate in preparation for next step

25. Prophase
Two pairs of Centrioles start to separate toward the opposite ends or poles of the cell
Microtubules form between them
Nuclear membrane starts to dissolve
Nucleolus disappears
DNA becomes highly coiled

26. Metaphase Nuclear membranes completely dissolves
Chromatid arrange themselves in a single file
Equatorial plate

27. Anaphase
Chromatid pairs separate and pulled by the spindle fiber toward the Centrioles
Two chromatids or each replicated chromosome are now fully separated

28. Telophase Chromosomes migrate to the opposite poles of the cell
They start to uncoil to become loosely arranged chromatin granules
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear to help reestablish the nucleus as the definite organelle
Two new daughter cells are formed

29. Molecule Movement & Cells
Passive Transport
Active Transport
Endocytosis
(phagocytosis & pinocytosis)
Exocytosis

30. Passive Transport No energy required Move due to gradient
differences in concentration, pressure, charge
Move to equalize gradient
High moves toward low

31. Types of Passive Transport
1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Facilitated diffusion

32. Diffusion
Molecules move to equalize concentration

33. Osmosis Special form of diffusion
Fluid flows from lower solute concentration
Often involves movement of water
Into cell
Out of cell

34. Solution Differences & Cells
solvent + solute = solution
Hypotonic
Solutes in cell more than outside
Outside solvent will flow into cell
Isotonic
Solutes equal inside & out of cell
Hypertonic
Solutes greater outside cell
Fluid will flow out of cell

36. Facilitated Diffusion
Differentially permeable membrane
Channels (are specific) help molecule or ions enter or leave the cell
Channels usually are transport proteins
(aquaporins facilitate the movement of water)
No energy is used

37. Process of Facilitated Transport
Protein binds with molecule
Shape of protein changes
Molecule moves across membrane

38. Active Transport Molecular movement Requires energy (against gradient)
Example is sodium-potassium pump

39. Endocytosis Movement of large material Movement is into cells
Particles
Organisms
Large molecules
Movement is into cells
Types of endocytosis
bulk-phase (nonspecific)
receptor-mediated (specific)

40. Process of Endocytosis
Plasma membrane surrounds material
Edges of membrane meet
Membranes fuse to form vesicle

41. Forms of Endocytosis Phagocytosis – cell eating
Pinocytosis – cell drinking

42. Exocytosis
Reverse of endocytosis
Cell discharges material

43. Exocytosis Vesicle moves to cell surface Membrane of vesicle fuses
Materials expelled

44. Disorders of the cell structure
Cells may decrease in size- atrophy
Due to aging or disease
Cells may increase in size- hypertrophy
Caused by an increase in workload
Cells can increase in number- hyperplasia
Cells have the ability to change into another type of cell- metaplasia
A protective response to a stimulus such as smoking

45. Disorders of the cell structure (continued)
The change to the size, shape, and organization of cells as a result of a stimulus- dysplasia
Then progresses to Neoplasia
Change in the cell structure with an uncontrolled growth pattern

46. Trauma or Injury
Hypoxia- a decreased blood flow to cellular structures
Anoxia- a lack of oxygen flow to the cellular structures

47. Tumor Results when cell division does not occur in the usual pattern
Also known as neoplasms
Can be divided into two groups:
Benign
Malignant

48. Benign Composed of cells contained to the local area.
Other names: wart, papilloma
Most can be surgically removed

49. Malignant Called cancer
Continue to grow, crowding out healthy cells, interfering with body functions and drawing nutrients away from the body tissue
Can spread through a process called metastasis

50. Symptoms of Cancer Changes in bowel or bladder habits
Sores that do not heal
Obvious changes in mole or wart
Unusual bleeding or discharge
A new lump or thickening in the breast or elsewhere
Difficulty in swallowing or frequent indigestion
Persistent cough or hoarseness

51. How to detect
X-ray
Mammogram
Sonogram
Biopsy