1. Cell Structure and Function
Chapter 7

2. Prior Knowledge
All Living Things are Composed of ____Cells___.

3. Influential Scientists
Robert Hooke – Looked at Cork Cells, Called the little chambers “cells”
Anton van Leeuwenhoek – Simple Microscope, Saw Small Living Organisms in the Water and Called them “animalcules”
Matthias Schleiden – Plant Cells
Theodor Schwann – Animal Cells
Rudolph Virchow – Cells Come From the Division of Existing Cells

4. The Cell Theory All Living Things are Composed of Cells
Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things.
New Cells Come From Existing Cells

5. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Prokaryote - have cell membranes and cytoplasm but do not contain nuclei.
Simple Cells (Unicellular)
All bacteria are prokaryotes.
Eukaryote- Contain nuclei. Also have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and specialized organelles.
Complex Cells
All plants, animals, fungi, and many microorganisms, are eukaryotes.
Eukaryote cells are much larger than prokaryote cells

6. Fig. 4.5

7. Fig. 4.6a

8. Fig. 4.6b

9. Vocabulary 3 Components of the Cell Theory Robert Hooke
Anton von Leeuwenhoek
Schleiden vs. Schwann
Rudolf Virchow
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Animal vs. Plant Cell

10. Vocabulary Nucleus/Nucleolus Chloroplast/Chlorophyll Mitochondria
Chromosome vs. Chromatid
Cell Wall vs. Cell Membrane
Ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus/Endoplasmic Reticulum
Vacuoles
Lysosomes
Cilia/Flagella

11. Cell Structure & Organelles
Organelles- specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell

12. Cell Structure Cell Walls provide extra support and protection
Plants, bacteria, algae, and fungi have Cell Walls
* In plants, cell walls are composed of cellulose
* Animal Cells
DO NOT
have
CELL WALLS

13. Chromosomes Also called chromatin. Composed of DNA
Found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells and in the nucleoid region of prokaryotic cells.

14. Chloroplasts Found in plants, some algae, and some bacteria
Converts the sun’s light energy into chemical energy during photosynthesis
Contains chlorophyll (green pigment)

15. Cilia Small Hairlike Projections Found in Eukaryotic Cells
Help unicellular organisms to move.
Also helps to move materials past other cells.

16. Cytoplasm
A thick solution that fills each cell and is enclosed by the cell membrane.
Mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins.
In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm includes all of the material inside the cell and outside of the nucleus.

17. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Organelle where components of cell membrane are made and proteins are modified
Rough E.R.
studded with ribosomes
Either exports proteins from cell or sends them to the cytoplasm
Smooth E.R.
No ribosomes
Helps in lipid production and breakdown of toxic substances

18. The Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.)

19. Other Cell Structures
Cilia (cilium): short hair-like projection; produces movement
in many
cells
Flagella (flagellum): whip-like structure on some cells that is used for movement
Cilia
Flagella

20. Golgi Apparatus
Vesicles (small transport sacs) carry proteins from Rough E.R. to Golgi for processing/modification.
Attaches carbohydrates and lipids to proteins, and the new proteins are “packaged” in new vesicles.

21. Lysosomes Small organelles filled with digestive enzymes
They can break down needed materials, used cell parts, pathogens, and even play a role in development
They destroy tissue to create fingers because our hands begin as solid structures!

22. Mitochondria
cell organelle that releases energy from stored food molecules.
Involved in cellular respiration- turning carbohydrates into energy.
Cells that need more energy have more mitochondria

23. “The Control Center” Nucleus Stores hereditary info in the form of DNA
DNA is inside chromatin, a granular material that condenses into chromosomes during cell division
Houses a nucleolus – small, dense region within responsible for the assembly of ribosomes
Surrounded by a nuclear envelope

24. The Nucleus

25. Cell Membrane Outside of Cell Semi-permeable
May have an outer coating of a cell wall
Contained in all cells – prokaryotic and eukaryotic
“Bodyguard” – Controls what goes in and out.

26. Ribosomes Make proteins Made up of rRNA (ribosomal RNA) and protein
Can be free-roaming in cytoplasm or located on the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

27. Vacuole Found in all eukaryotic cells
Large Central Vacuole in plants and numerous small vacuoles in animal cells.
Storage of Materials

28. Cytoskeleton
Network of protein filaments that helps the cell maintain shape and is involved in cell movement. Contains 2 parts:
Microfilaments – long, thin strands
that help a cell move and provide a
tough framework for the cell
Microtubules – hollow tubes
by which organelles can move from
one part of a cell to another

29. Centrioles Play a role in cell division.
Tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope.
Play a role in cell division.

30. So Where Did These Eukaryotes Come From?
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts contain their own DNA genetic information separate from the cells DNA.
So, Scientists have done research and come up with a Theory…
The ENDOSYMBIOTIC THEORY

31. The Endosymbiotic Theory
The first eukaryotes may have formed from one bacteria engulfing another without killing it.
Later a symbiotic relationship was formed

32. Stop and Think… Are plant and animal cells prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
How does the meaning of prokaryotic or eukaryotic help you answer this question?
Give one or two examples that help you answer this question.

33. Plant Cells
Cell wall located outside the cell membrane. Cell wall is made from cellulose fibers, and it is used for support & protection
Contains one large vacuole that contains water. Vacuole full = plant is rigid. Vacuole loses water = plant wilts
Chloroplasts = contain chlorophyll, which captures sunlight & converts it into energy

34. Plant Cell
Build a plant cell

35. Animal Cells Have no cell wall NO chlorophyll
CANNOT make their own food

36. So Plant and Animal Cells are…
Both eukaryotic cells- Both have nucleuses, organelles, cell membranes, cytoplasm

37. Plant and animal cell differences
Plant Cells
Cell wall
Chloroplasts
Large central vacuole
No centrioles
Animal Cells
Have centrioles
No cell wall
No chloroplasts
No large central vacuole
Construct a cell

38. Diversity of Life Unicellular organisms- A single-celled organism
Unicellular organisms include both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Contractile Vacuole
A prokaryotic unicellular organism
A eukaryotic unicellular organism (paramecium)

39. Diversity of Life Continued…
Multicellular organisms- organisms that have more than one cell working together. Have cell specialization
Cell specialization- specific roles for different types of cells

40. Levels of Organization
Cells- the basic unit of life
Tissues- a group of similar cells that perform a particular function
Organs- many groups of tissues work together
Organ Systems- A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
Organism- An entire living being made up of organ systems

41. Test your Knowledge…
Using the following terms, place the levels of organization
in the correct order of the chart.
-Stomach - Digestive System
-Smooth muscle tissue -Muscle Cell ? ? ? ?