1. Cells

2. What is a cell?
All living things have cells whether it is one or many!
Therefore, a cell is the basic unit of all life.
The invention of the microscope was pivotal to the study of cell biology.
(*Know the parts of the microscope!)

3. Important Cell Scientists:
Anton Von Leeuwenhoek First to see bacteria and protists (mid-1600s)
Robert Hooke
Looked at thin slices of cork under microscope thought little
boxes (cell walls) looked like the rooms they lived in, in the
monastery, so named them "cells" (mid-1600s).

4. Cell Scientists cont’d...
Matthias Schleiden German scientist who concluded that all plants are made of cells. (1838)
Theodor Schwann German scientist who concluded that all animals are made of cells. (1839)
Rudolf Virchow Proposed that all cells come from pre-existing.

5. The Cell Theory:
A theory created by the combination of all the cell scientists’ work.
The 3 parts of cell theory:
1. All living things are made of cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of life
3. All cells come from preexisting cells

8. Prokaryotic Cells:
Single celled organisms (unicellular) found in most environments. They are the simplest of all organisms.
Characteristics:
No nuclear membrane
DNA is loose in the cytoplasm
No "membrane bound" organelles
Does have cell membrane, ribosomes, DNA, cytoplasm, and cell wall.
Examples: E. coli, staphylococcus (MRSA), and streptococcus (strep throat)

9. Eukaryotic Cells:
More complex than prokaryotes. They can be unicellular or multicellular.
Characteristics:
Nuclear membrane surrounding nucleus
LOTS of "membrane-bound" organelles (Ex: mitochondria, chloroplast, nucleus, etc.)
Examples: algae, yeast, flowers, humans
**Remember the saying “Pro No Eu do”!

11. Plant Cells (Eukaryotic)
Living things that belong to the Kingdom Plantae are called plants.
Characteristics
Box shaped and green
Multicellular
AUTOTROPHS (photosynthesis, chloroplasts w/ chlorophyll)
Cell walls made of cellulose
Large central vacuole
Examples: moss, trees, ferns, and daisies

12. Animal Cells (Eukaryotic)
Living things that belong to the Kingdom Animalia are called ANIMALS.
Characteristics:
Multicellular
HETEROTROPHS
No cell wall
Small vacuole or none
Round
Have centrioles
Examples: really cute llamas, fish, and YOU!

13. Organelles:
An organelle is a tiny part of a cell that carries out a specific function. They work together just as your organs work together.
Organelles found in ALL cells (pro and eu):
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
DNA
Ribosomes
Organelles found in animal cells:
Centrioles
Organelles found in plant cells:
Cell wall (in prokaryotic cell too)
Chloroplasts
Central Vacuole

14. Nucleus Structure: Contains DNA (chromatin).
Surrounded by the nuclear envelope.
Separates genetic material from rest of cell (contained).
Function:
Helps control cell activities.
“Cell headquarters”.

15. Cytoplasm Structure: Jelly-like substance that fills the cell.
The portion of the cell outside of the nucleus.
Function:
Contains all the organelles.
Chemical reactions occur here.

16. Mitochondria Structure:
Folded inner membrane to increase surface area for energy production during cellular respiration.
Function:
Creates energy (ATP) for the cell.
The “powerhouse” of the cell.

17. Ribosomes Structure: Made up of RNA and protein.
Can be free floating or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Function:
Synthesizes proteins for the cell.
Protein-making “factory”.

18. Centrioles Structure: Made of small tubes. Function:
Help separate the chromosomes during cell division.
Only in animal cells.

19. Cell Wall Structure: Made of cellulose (polysaccharide). Function:
Rigid structure used to support and protect plants and prokaryotic cells.
*Not made of cellulose in prokaryotic cells.

20. Cell Memebrane Structure:
Lipid Bilayer (2 layers of lipids → phospholipids!) that surrounds the cell.
Function:
Controls what enters and leaves.
Maintains homeostasis.

21. Vacuole Structure: Membrane bound sac. Function:
Stores food, water, and waste.
One large central vacuole in plants.
Animals have small vacuoles.

22. Chloroplast Structure: Outer membrane with inner membrane stacks.
Contain the pigment chlorophyll.
Function:
Produces food (glucose) for the cell through photosynthesis.

23. Lysosome Structure: A sac that contains enzymes. Function:
Digest/break down old cells or cell parts.

24. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

25. Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Smaller/simpler
No nucleus
No “membrane bound” organelles
DNA loose in cell
Bacteria
Larger/complex
Multicellular
Nucleus - DNA contained
Nuclear membrane
Many “membrane bound” organelles
Mitochondria, vacuoles, chloroplasts
Plants, animals, fish
Unicellular,
cell membrane, ribosomes, DNA, cytoplasm, cell wall*

26. Animal vs Plant Cell

27. Animal vs Plant Cell Box shaped Round Green Heterotrophs Eukaryotes
Autotrophs
Have cell walls
Large vacuoles
Chloroplasts
Round
Heterotrophs
Small vacuoles
Have centrioles
Lysosomes
Eukaryotes
Multicellular
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Mitochondria
Cytoplasm