1. Cell Structure

2. Plasma membrane Function Structure
Main component is phospholipids that are arranged in a double layer (bilayer)
Has scattered proteins within the phospholipids
Function
Regulate what enters/leaves cell

3. Nucleus Structure Function Surrounded by a double membrane
Membrane contains pores (holes) to allow RNA to leave
Function
Holds the chromosomes (chromatin)…DNA
and the nucleolus

4. Nucleolus Structure Function Small dark structure in the nucleus
Produce ribosomes

5. Ribosomes Make proteins Small structures (NOT made of membrane)
Free
stay in cytoplasm
Bound
Secreted (released)
Inserted in membranes
Packaged into other organelles
Small structures (NOT made of membrane)
May be free or bound (attached)
Made of two subunits

6. Central Vacuole Structure Function LARGE sac made of membrane
Found in center of plant cells
Function
Stores chemicals and water

7. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Function
Makes lipids (oils, phospholipids, steroids)
Detoxifies poisons
Transport of materials
Structure
Canals and tubes made of membrane

8. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Structure
Canals and tubes made of membrane
Have ribosomes attached to the outside
Function
Transport materials in the cell
Make proteins

10. Golgi Apparatus Structure Function Stacks of membrane sacs
has a receiving end (from ER) and a shipping end
Function
Chemically modifies substances
Packages material for transport out of the cell or to other locations within the cell

11. Vesicles Structure Functions
Small membrane “bubbles” that bud off the ER or Golgi
Functions
Transport materials to new locations

12. Lysosomes Structure Function
Sacs of membrane that contain hydrolytic enzymes
found mostly in animal cells
Function
Use enzymes to break down old organelles
In white blood cells are used to destroy bacteria

13. Mitochondria Structure Function Surrounded by a double membrane
Folds found on the inside
Contains DNA (separate from nuclear DNA)
Function
Cellular Respiration
Converts energy in sugars into the energy of ATP molecule

14. Chloroplasts Structure Function
Surrounded by a double layer of membrane
Disks found inside
Function
Convert solar energy into chemical energy (food)
Site of photosynthesis

15. Perioxisome Structure Function Small membranous sac
Some reactions occurring here produce H2O2 (toxic)
So, it also contains an enzyme that converts this to water and oxygen gas

16. Centrioles Structure Function Made of rings of microtubules
Found in pairs that lie at right angles
Look similar to a pair of barrels
Function
Found in animal cells
Help in cell division

17. Cell Wall Structure Function Found outside the plasma membrane
Plant  made of cellulose
Function
Give support to certain cells (plant)
Does NOT determine what can get into/out of the cell

18. Cytoskeleton Structure Made of protein fibers Function
Microtubules
Hollow tube
Microfilaments
Small rods
Intermediate filaments
Function
Give the cell shape
Help to move organelles around the cell

19. Components of the cytoskeleton
Fig. 4-17
Components of the cytoskeleton
Nucleus
Nucleus
Actin subunit
Fibrous subunits
Tubulin subunit
7 nm
10 nm
25 nm
Microfilament
Intermediate filament
Microtubule

20. Flagella
Structure
Function
Same as cilia, but are longer and there are just a few of them
Prokaryotes also have them
Not made of microtubules
Move the cell within its environment

21. Cilia Structure Function
Microtubules that extend from the cell (still covered by the plasma membrane)
Short and many of them
Function
In single-celled organisms move the organism from place to place
If anchored in place, can set up a current, moving fluid across the surface of a cell