1. Cell Structures and Organelles

2. Cell Theory 1) All living things are composed of cells.
2) Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
3) New cells are produced only from pre existing cells.

3. Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
Have cell membranes and cytoplasm but no nuclei and membrane bound organelles.
DO CONTAIN RIBOSOMES!
Examples: all bacteria Escherichia coli( E-coli) & Staphylococcus (Staph infection)
Eukaryotes
Have nuclei and membrane bound organelles.
Examples: all plants, animals, and fungi.

4. Cell Wall Provide support and protection for the cell.
Found in plants, algae, fungi and nearly all prokaryotes.

5. Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm: the semifluid material inside the plasma membrane.
Cytoskeleton: supporting network of long, thin protein fibers, that form a framework for the cell.

6. Nucleus Cell's managing structure. Directs cell processes.
Contains most of the cell's DNA.
Found in all eukaryotes.

7. Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis. Made up of RNA and protein.
Ribosomes are produced inside the nucleus at the nucleolus.
FOUND IN ALL CELLS; BOTH PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC

8. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Found in all eukaryotes
Membrane system of folded sacs that serve as the site for lipid, protein, and carbohydrates.
Can be smooth or rough.
Smooth: there are no ribosomes attached; complex carbohydrates and lipids are synthesized.
Rough: ribosomes attached; produce proteins that will be exported to other cells.

9. Golgi Apparatus
Flattened stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport outside of the cell.
These vesicles can then fuse with the plasma membrane to release proteins to the outside of the cell.
Found in all eukaryotes.

10. Vacuoles
Sac used to store food, enzymes, water, and other materials needed by a cell. Some vacuoles store waste products.
Animal cells contain small less numerous vacuoles; plant cells usually contain one very large vacuole.

11. Lysosomes
Vesicles that contain substances that digest excess or worn-out organelles and food particles.
They also digest bacteria and viruses that enter the cell.

12. Centrioles
Organelles made of microtubles that function during cell division.
They are located in the cytoplasm of animal cells and are usually near the nucleus.

13. Mitochondria
Organelle that converts food particles (mainly sugar) into usable energy.
Mitochondria have an outer membrane and a highly folded inner membrane that provides a large surface are for breaking the bonds in sugar molecules.

14. Chloroplasts
Organelles that capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy through photosynthesis.
The inner membrane of chloroplasts are small disk shaped compartments called thylakoids. Thylakoids contain chlorophyll that traps sunlight and gives leaves and stems their green color.

15. Cell Wall
Thick, rigid mesh of fibers that surround that outside of the plasma membrane that protects the cell and gives it support.
Only found in plant cells.
Made of cellulose which gives it its inflexible characteristics.

16. Cilia Short projections that look like hair.
Motion of cilia is simlar to the oars of a rowboat.
Help in the movement of substances outside the cell.

17. Flagella Longer and less numerous than cilia.
Move in a whip like motion.
Cilia and flagella are composed of microtubles.