1. Basic Structure of a Cell

2. Warm Up 2/16/18 Use your textbook to answer the following:
Describe a eukaryote vs. a prokaryote
Compare & contrast plant and animal cells (list an organelle that one has but not the other). Are they prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
What is the function of the nucleus?
What are the three theories of the cell theory?

3. Warm Up 2/19/18 Use your textbook to answer the following:
What is the primary function of the mitochondria & chloroplast? The inner membrane of the mitochondria is highly folded to increase surface area. How is this beneficial?
Copy the image of the mitochondria into your notes. Label all the parts.

4. History of Cells & the Cell Theory
Cell Specialization
Virchow

5. First to View Cells
In 1665, Robert Hooke used a microscope to examine a thin slice of cork (dead plant cells)
What he saw looked like small boxes

6. First to View Cells Hooke is responsible for naming cells
Hooke called them “CELLS” because they looked like the small rooms that monks lived in called Cells

7. Anton van Leeuwenhoek
In 1673, Leeuwenhoek (a Dutch microscope maker), was first to view organisms (living things)
Leeuwenhoek used a simple, handheld microscope to view pond water & scrapings from his teeth

8. Robert Brown Discovered & named the nucleus
The dark area in the center of the cell

9. Beginning of the Cell Theory
In 1838, a German botanist named Matthias Schleiden concluded that all plants were made of cells
Schleiden is a cofounder of the cell theory

10. Beginning of the Cell Theory
In 1839, a German zoologist named Theodore Schwann concluded that all animals were made of cells
Schwann also cofounded the cell theory

11. Beginning of the Cell Theory
In 1855, a German medical doctor named Rudolph Virchow observed, under the microscope, cells dividing
He reasoned that all cells come from other pre-existing cells by cell division

12. CELL THEORY All living things are made of cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in an organism (basic unit of life)
Cells come from the reproduction of existing cells (cell division)

13. Cell Size: Surface Area & Volume
As cells get larger, their volume increases at a faster rate than their surface area
Why is this a problem?
Cells depend on their surface area to move needed materials into the cell and waste materials out of the cell
If the surface area decreases, cell cannot move materials fast enough
Therefore, cells must be small to maintain a high surface area to volume ratio

14. Prokaryotic Cells Basic Description: has NO membrane-bound organelles
Nucleus? Has NO nucleus
Ribosomes? Present
Arrangement of Chromosomes? Single chromosome, free-floating in the cytoplasm
May contain plasmids
Examples: Bacteria (Bacterium – singular)
Sketch a Prokaryotic
cell and label it.

15. Eukaryotic Cells Basic Description? Has membrane-bound organelles
Nucleus? Has a true nucleus
Ribosomes? Present – protein factory
Arrangement of Chromosomes? Many linear strands of DNA
Examples? Plants, animals, fungi, & protists (everything except for bacteria)
Sketch and label a basic eukaryotic cell and

16. Warm-up 2/19 Plant & animal cell journal! Vocabulary definitions:
Photosynthesis
Cell Wall
Chlorophyll
Producer
Copy the following images. Include all labels:
Elodea
Stomata

17. Plant Cell

18. Animal Cell

20. Plant vs. Animal Cells QUESTION? PLANT CELL ANIMAL CELL
Cell wall and/or cell membrane?
Cell Wall AND Cell Membrane
Cell Membrane only
Chloroplast or no chloroplast?
Chloroplast
(for photosynthesis)
No chloroplast
Vacuole or not vacuole?
Vacuole (often large to store water)
Small vacuole

21. After the Quiz….
Turn to chapter one of your textbook read about the different types of microscopes. Describe the following:
Compound Light Microscopes
Electron Microscopes. Describe the two different types of electron microscopes.
What type of microscope must be used to view LIVING organisms?

22. Cell Organization
Cells →
Tissues →
Organs →
Organ Systems →
Organism

23. Typical cells range from 5 – 50 micrometers (microns) in diameter
CELL SIZE
Typical cells range from 5 – 50 micrometers (microns) in diameter

24. How Big is a Micron ( µ ) ?
1 cm = 10,000 microns 1” = 25,000 microns

25. Which Cell Type is Larger?
Plant cell
Animal cell
Bacteria or
Prokaryotes
_________ > _____________ > ______

26. Specialized Animal Cells
Muscle cells
Red blood cells
Cheek cells
Neuron

27. Specialized Plant cells
Guard Cells
Pollen
Xylem cells

28. What causes a cell to become specialized?
Differentiation or Specialized Cells
Occurs in stem cells
Specific parts of DNA (called genes) are turned on
Once activated or turned on, specific types of cells are made

29. Communication Among Cells
Types of Chemical Signals
A) Hormones → chemical signals made by an endocrine gland and released into the body (long distance).

30. Communication Among Cells
Neurotransmitters → chemical signals released by nerve cells
Used to communicate with other nerve cells or muscle cells (short distance).

31. Receptor Proteins
Proteins of the surface of a cell that “receive” chemical signals
A ) Receptor proteins can influence the cell in 3 ways
**Receptor chemically changes molecules in the
cell’s cytoplasm
**Receptor causes a 2nd signal to form inside the
cell
**Receptor can open a passageway into the cell.