1. The Cell All organisms are made of cells, the organism’s basic unit of
structure and function.

2. Size range of cells

3. How We Study Cells Microscopes - light microscope
- electron microscope *(TEM/SEM)

5. *Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic Eukaryotic
+only in bacteria/archaebacteria Protists, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
+no true nucleus/nuclear envelope true membrane-bound nucleus
+genetic material in nucleoid region genetic material in nucleus
+no organelles many organelles

6. *Animal vs. Plant Cell Unique to Plant Cells: - cell wall
- large central vacuole
Chloroplasts
Plasmodesmata
Unique to Animal Cells:
Centrioles
Lysosomes
- flagella and/or cilia

9. *How organelles are fractionated (isolated) - cell fractionation can help scientists discover the functions of organelles

10. The Nucleus and Ribosomes
- enclosed by nuclear envelope
- contains most of the genes that
control the entire cell
Nucleolus– rRNA synthesized here, proteins assembled into ribosomes, may function in regulation of other cell processes
Nuclear lamina – protein filaments
that give structure to the inner
nuclear membrane

11. Chromosomes
Carry genetic information
Made up of chromatin
(Complex of proteins &
DNA)
Appear when chromatin
Condenses and becomes thick

12. The Nucleus and Ribosomes (con’t)
build proteins
- RNA/protein
complexes
free/bound
Higher rate of division, more ribosomes

14. The Endomembrane System
Includes:
nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Plasma membrane*

15. Endomembrane System (con’t)
Endoplasmic reticulum
manufactures membranes
two distinct regions
+ *smooth ER
- synthesis of lipids
- carbohydrate metabolism
- detoxify drugs/poisons
- stores calcium ions
+ *rough ER
- manufacture proteins for
secretion
- membrane production

16. Endomembrane System (con’t)
Golgi apparatus
finishes, sorts, and ships cell products
two poles
+ cis face (enters)
+ trans face (exits)
Enzymes in the Golgi modify products of the ER in stages
as they move through the Golgi stack from cis to trans face.

18. Endomembrane System (con’t)
Lysosomes – contain *hydrolytic enzymes
digestive compartments
+ intracellular digestion
+ recycle cell material
+ program cell destruction (apoptosis)

20. Apoptosis – programmed cell death

21. Endomembrane System (con’t)
Vacuoles
function in cell maintenance
+ food vacuole
+ contractile vacuole
+ central vacuole (pictured)
- tonoplast

22. Endomembrane System Summary

23. Other Membranous Organelles
Peroxisomes
consume oxygen for
metabolism
+ contain specialized
teams of enzymes
- peroxide-producing
oxidases and catalase
RH2 + O2 -oxidase-> R + H2O2
2H2O2 -catalase-> 2H2O + O2
Bud off of ER, not golgi

24. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
energy transformers of cells
+ double membranes
+ contain ribosomes/DNA
Mitochondrial DNA is only passed on
by mom!

27. The Cytoskeleton Cytoskeleton provides structural support
for motility and regulation
+ network of fibers
- microtubules
- microfilaments
- intermediate filaments

29. Cytoskeleton (con’t)

30. Centrosomes Found in animal & plant cells Produce microtubules
during cell reproduction
Animal cells contain
centrioles which
contain 9 sets of 3
microtubules

31. F L A G E C I L
I A

32. Flagellum Structure

33. Cell Surfaces and Junctions
Cell Walls (1° & 2°)
cellulose fibers
Plasmodesmata
Middle lamella
Made of pectin
(sticky polysaccharide)
Pectin holds cell walls
together like concrete

34. Cell Surfaces and Junctions
ECM (Extra Cellular Matrix)
meshwork of macromolecules outside plasma membrane
+ mostly glycoproteins (Collagen & proteoglycan)
+ support/anchorage (Fibronectin & integrin)

35. Cell Surfaces and Junctions
Tight junctions – prevent fluid from moving between cell layers in a tissue
Desmosomes – anchor adjacent cells
Gap junctions – allows the movement of cytoplasm, ions, sugars, amino acids from one cell to the next

36. Tight Junctions

37. Desmosomes

38. Gap junctions