1. Cell Structure and Function

2. Organelles
Very small (Microscopic)
Perform various functions for a cell
Found in the cytoplasm
May or may not be membrane-bound

3. Animal Cell Organelles
Ribosome (attached)
Nucleolus
Ribosome (free)
Nucleus
Cell Membrane
Nuclear envelope
Mitochondrion
Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum
Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
Centrioles
Golgi apparatus

4. Plant Cell Organelles

5. Cell Structure and Function Chart
Organelle
Structure
Function
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Nuclear membrane
Nucleolus
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles
Mitochondria
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Ribosome
Golgi bodies
Lysosome
Cilia
Flagella
Vacuole
Chloroplast

6. Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane
Cytoplasm of a Cell
cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane
Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place

7. The Control Organelle - Nucleus
Controls the normal activities of the cell
Contains the DNA in chromosomes
Surrounded by a nuclear membrane with pores
Usually the largest organelle

8. Nuclear Membrane Double membrane surrounding nucleus
Also called nuclear envelope
Contains nuclear pores for materials to enter & leave nucleus
Connected to the rough ER
Nuclear pores

9. Inside the Nucleus -
The genetic material (DNA) is found

10. Nucleolus
Inside nucleus
Makes ribosomes that make proteins

11. Cytoskeleton Helps cell maintain cell shape
Also help move organelles around
Made of proteins

12. Cytoskeleton
MICROTUBULES
MICROFILAMENTS

13. Mitochondrion (plural = mitochondria)
“Powerhouse” of the cell
Generate cellular energy (ATP)
Both plants & animal cells have mitochondria
Site of CELLULAR RESPIRATION (burning glucose)

14. MITOCHONDRIA Has its own DNA Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane
Folded inner membrane called CRISTAE (increases surface area for more chemical
Reactions)
Interior called MATRIX

15. Interesting Fact ---
Mitochondria comes from cytoplasm in the EGG cell during fertilization
Therefore …
You inherit your mitochondria from your mother!

16. Endoplasmic Reticulum - ER
Network of membranes
Connects to nuclear envelope & cell membrane
Functions in Synthesis of cell products & Transport
Two kinds of ER ---ROUGH & SMOOTH

17. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough ER)
Has ribosomes on its surface
Makes membrane proteins and proteins for EXPORT out of cell

18. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER lacks ribosomes on its surface
Is attached to the ends of rough ER
Makes cell products that are USED INSIDE the cell (ex: lipids) and helps destroy toxic substances

19. Endomembrane System
Includes nuclear membrane connected to ER connected to cell membrane (transport)

20.  Ribosomes Made of PROTEINS and rRNA “Protein factories” for cell
Join amino acids to make proteins
Process called protein synthesis 

21. Can be attached to Rough ER
Ribosomes
Can be attached to Rough ER OR
Be free (unattached) in the cytoplasm

22. Golgi Bodies Stacks of flattened sacs Receive proteins made by ER
Package proteins and ship them to other parts of the cell OR outside the cell
CIS
TRANS
Transport vesicle

23. Lysosomes Contain digestive enzymes
Break down food, bacteria, and worn out cell parts for cells

24. Cilia & Flagella Both function in movement
Cilia are shorter and more numerous on cells
Flagella are longer and fewer (usually 1-3) on cells

25. Vacuoles Fluid filled sacks for storage
Small or absent in animal cells
Plant cells have a large Central Vacuole

26. Centrioles Found only in animal cells Paired structures near nucleus
Appear during cell division
Help to pull chromosome pairs apart to opposite ends of the cell

27. Chloroplasts Found only in plant cells
Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose)
Energy from sun stored in the Chemical Bonds of Sugars

28. Chloroplasts Surrounded by DOUBLE membrane Outer membrane smooth
Inner membrane modified into sacs called Thylakoids
Thylakoids in stacks called Grana & interconnected
Stroma – gel like material surrounding thylakoids

29. Cell Wall Nonliving layer Found in plant cells
Supports and protects cell
Outside of cell membrane

30. Plant vs. Animal Cell Plant Animal Cell wall Chloroplast Centrioles
Large, central vacuole
Sometimes lysosomes
Centrioles
Many smaller vacuoles
All have lysosomes
Cytoskeleton
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Nuclear membrane
Nucleolus
Mitochondria ER
Ribosome
Golgi
Cilia
Flagella
Vacuole
Plant
Animal

31. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryotes
Bacterial cells
Smaller
More primitive structures
No nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
Usually unicellular organisms
Eukaryotes
Plant and animal cells
Have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

32. Characteristic
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Size of cell
Typically  m m in diameter
Typically  m m in diameter
Nucleus
No nuclear membrane or nucleoli
True nucleus, consisting of nuclear membrane & nucleoli
Membrane-enclosed organelles
Absent
Present; examples include lysosomes, Golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria & chloroplasts
Flagella
Consist of two protein building blocks
Complex; consist of multiple microtubules
Cell wall
Usually present
Present in plant cells
Plasma membrane
Simple cell membrane
Present
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes
Smaller size
Larger size
Chromosome (DNA) arrangement
Single circular chromosome
Multiple linear chromosomes