1. Microscopes allow US to see cells!
Before Microscopes: People were sick because of a bad deed or punishment
M I C R O S C O P E S
Microscope Types:
Simple light – 1st type
1 lens Energy Source light
LOW magnification power
Compound Light
2 lenses Energy source light
Lens= 10 Objective = 4
Total Magnification = 40
Up to about x’s
Electron Microscopes
beams of electrons
Magnify up to x’s
Microscope 
Micro – small
Scope – to view
Microscopes allow US to see cells!
Cell 
SEM
scanning
outside
TEM
transmission
inside

2. Cat Flea, SEM
Daphnia, light microscope

3. Match the part with the letter
Parts: Objectives, Diaphragm, base, revolving nosepiece, Objective Lens, Coarse Adjustment, Light Source, Arm, Stage, Fine Adjustment, body tube
fine adjustment E. stage I. Low power lens
Eye piece F. diaphragm
Light G. high power lens K. base
Course adjustment H. arm
Answer Questions using Parts
1. D Used to bring objects into rapid focus first
2. F Regulates the amount of light going through slide
3. K/H Used to carry the microscope
4. E Supports the slide
5. A Turned to clear blurry pictures, used mostly on high power
Answer Questions:
How do you carry a microscope?- with arm/base
If the lens is 10 and the objective is 400, what is the total magnification?- 4000x J I K

4. Famous Men Leeuwenhoek: first to see living microorganisms
Used simple microscope
Robert Hooke: named the cell
Used a compound microscope to look at cork.
Reminded him of rooms in a monastery
Called them Cells

5. Cell Theory
T. Schwann: sounds like Swan – All animals are made of cells.
M. Schleiden: All plants are made of cells
Virchow: All cells come from pre-existing cells
CELL THEORY:
All living things are made of cells unicellular- 1 cell multicellular- 2+ cells
2. Cell is the basic unit of life
The beginning unit is always a cell
3. All cells come from other cells
organism
Organ
system
cells
Organ
tissue
Skin Cell
Skin Cell
Muscle Cell
Muscle Cell
Skin Cell
Muscle Cell

6. Cell Structure and Function
Cells vary in size. Longest cell – nerve cells (up to 2 meters long)
Smallest cell – bacteria Largest cell – egg cell
Cells vary in shape. Shape is often related to function Blood cells are smooth, round, and
flow easily through the blood vessels

7. Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Cell Organelles  organs in a cell
2 Cell Types:
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
No nucleus
Nucleus
No membrane bound organelles
Membrane bound organelles
Simple
Complex
Bacteria only
Plants/animals/fungus
Similarities
DNA
Ribosomes
Cell Membrane

8. Prokaryote
Plasmid – ring of DNA

9. Structure is based on Function

10. What type of cell?

11. Cell Theory All living things are made of cells
Cell is the basic unit of life
Cells come from other cells

12. Organelle Structure and Function
Plasma membrane (cell membrane)
Surrounds cell
Maintains homeostasis
Selectively permeable (controls what enter and leaves the cell)
Cell membrane is to the cell as skin is to the body

13. Cell Wall Rigid Structure – does not move like the cell membrane
Surrounds cell membrane
Provides support
Ex. Plants, Fungi, some protist and bacteria
Cell wall is to the cell as skull is to the head

14. Nucleus Nucleus – control center (contains DNA) Eukaryotes only
Nucleus is to the cell as brain is to the body

15. What important material in the cell needs to be copied?
Chromatin
All the DNA in the cell
Thin and threadlike unwound pieces of DNA
Chromosome
Condensed chromatin
Tightly packed, visible structures
Go back to the paper and relate to big/small writing… still contains the same information!

17. Ribosomes
Ribosomes
Found on the endoplasmic reticulum or in the cytoplasm
Site of protein synthesis
Ribosome is to the cell as factory is to the city
Cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance between the nucleus and cell membrane
Surrounds the organelles inside the cell
A place for chemical reactions and transport

18. Vacuole Storage of food, water, and waste
Larger in plant cells – usually contains water
Vacuole is to the cell as refrigerator is to the kitchen

19. Mitochondrion Produces Energy (ATP) for the cell
Inner folded membrane increases surface area, the greater the surface area the more area for production of ATP.
Mitochondria is to the cell as battery is to the car

20. Chloroplast Photosynthesis happens here
Contains chlorophyll that absorbs sunlight (green pigment)
Light energy + CO2 + H2O  glucose + O2
Chloroplast is to the cell as kitchen is to the house

21. 3 Differences between Plant and Animal cells
Plant cell has cell wall
Plant cell has chloroplast
Plant cell has a larger vacuole

22. Cell Organelles Active art -
Virtual Pond Lab
Objective: The purpose of this activity is to learn about different cell structures that unicellular organisms have to help them survive in the water.
1. Go to the following site to examine your "virtual " jar of pond water.
2. Move your cursor over the different organisms in the jar to find out what they are named. The first one you will need to find is Euglena.

23. Plasma Membrane  flexible outer boundary of a cell (like skin)
Job - to maintain homeostasis (internal balance)
Plasma Membrane is selectively permeable – chooses what passes
Selectively- choosy about what comes in and what goes out
Permeable – allows to pass
Fluid Mosaic Model – moves like a fluid with embedded proteins
Non-polar tails inside away from water (Hydrophobic)
Polar heads outside (Hydrophilic)
Phospholipids
Bi-layer
Cell Membrane

24. C E L L MEMB R A N E Plasma membrane is to cell as Skin is to body
2. Membrane Protein
a.Transport Proteins - help
larger molecules get
across the cell membrane
b. Enzymes - help speed up
the reaction.
c. Chemical Markers – help
cells to identify each other
d. Cell Signaling – messages
from outside of cell are
communicated to inside
Non-polar tails inside away from water (Hydrophobic)
Polar heads outside (Hydrophilic)
3 molecules in the membrane
Phospholipid is the main molecule: a. Phosphate head b. Glycerol backbone
c. 2 fatty acid chains – Tail (hydrophobic)
3. Cholesterol
(found in animals)
- lipid gives stability to the membrane
Head
(hydrophilic)

25. Cell Membrane Review:

26. Unicellular Organisms
Unicellular organisms are made of ONE cell. Since they are made of ONE cell, that cell HAS TO carry out ALL the functions of that organism!!!

27. Flagellum
Flagellum- a long whip like structure used for locomotion ( movement) Notice this Euglena has ONE flagellum!

28. Cilia
Cilia – short hair like structures used for locomotion ( movement) Notice that there are A LOT of cilia on this Paramecium!

29. Contractile Vacuole
Contractile Vacuole – a structure that helps remove excess water out of the cell Euglenas live in freshwater so water enters their cells and they need a way to get rid of the extra water.

30. Eyespots
Eyespot – organelle that detects light Euglenas can use their eyespot to detect light. Light is need for the chloroplasts. Remember - chloroplasts need light in order to make food

31. Pseudopod
Pseudopod – extensions of cytoplasm that are used for movement and feeding This is an amoeba – it moves like a “blob.”