1. English Reformation Early English Reformers John Wycliffe
William Tyndale- humanist- translated the Bible into English in 1526
Became the basis for the King James Version
Tyndale was hunted down and executed in 1536 after thousands of English Bibles had made their way to England – only Latin and Greek allowed at the time
He also refused to recognize Henry VIII leadership of Anglican Church

2. Henry VIII
Supported Catholicism and the Pope- Defense of Seven Sacraments
“Defender of the Faith”
But then….
Since the 14th century the English Catholic Church already had a good amount of autonomy- kings had the power to appoint bishops
France did not gain this right till 1516 with Concordat of Bologna

3. Henry and Catherine
Henry sought an annulment from his wife, Catherine of Aragon, because she could not conceive a son
Only one daughter, Mary, had survived childbirth
Having a son necessary in preserving strength of Tudor dynasty
Mary was set to marry the dauphin of France- if she inherited the throne England would be subject to French control
Henry believed that God was punishing him for marrying his brother’s widow
He was also enamored with his mistress at the time, Anne Boleyn

4. Church of England Henry requests annulment from Pope Clement VII
Cites Canon Law- Pope Julius II should not have allowed Henry to marry Catherine in the first place
Clement resisted --- H.R.E Charles V, Catherine’s nephew, dominated in Italy at the time
Cardinal Wolsey, English Archbishop and Lord Chancellor, failed to get papal approval
Henry dismissed Wolsey and replaced by More
Pope Clement VII was unable to grant a papal dispensation after 1527-
Charles V just sacked Rome and the annulment would essentially make his aunt an adulteress
Wolsey was told that the pope was willing to have a hearing in Rome, but there was no way that would go in Henry’s benefit

5. Church of England
Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, convinced Henry that he could divorce Catherine if he broke away from Rome
Henry broke away from the Catholic Church and formed the Church of England or Anglican Church
In 1534 Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy
The king is head of the church rather than the pope
In passed the Six Articles – defining the doctrine of the Church of England
Henry and Anne secretly married in 1533, she was already 6 months pregnant with Elizabeth
While England rejected papal supremacy, the English Church under Henry VIII remained fundamentally Catholic in its doctrine and practice

6. Once Rome is out of the picture …
Catholic lands are confiscated
Doubled royal revenues
Monasteries were closed down
Act of Succession (1534)- all the king’s subjects had to take an oath of loyalty to the king as the head of the Anglican Church
Thomas More refuses and is beheaded
"I die the King's good servant, but God's first.“
Pilgrimage of Grace in Northern England suppressed
Pilgrimage of Grace multi-class revolt in a more conservative norther England

7. Henry’s Wives Catherine of Aragon- mother of Mary
Anne Boleyn- Executed- mother of Elizabeth
Jane Seymour – married Henry within 24 hrs after Anne’s execution – gave birth to Edward – died 2 weeks later- only wife to be buried with Henry
Anne of Cleves – henry never attracted to her, thought a strategic marriage- French, but proved not worth it- divorced
Kathryn Howard- married her 16 days after divorcing Anne – he was 49 and she was no older than 19 – executed because of adultery-
Katherine Parr- mother was in Catherine of Aragon’s court and named Katherine after her- last wife named for the first
Henry Dies

8. King Edward VI Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour
Became King at the age of 10
Those who governed on his behalf were strong Protestants
Increasing influence of Calvinist ideas
Premature death in 1553 led to a religious struggle among Protestants and Catholics

9. Queen Mary (r. 1553-1558) Daughter of Henry and Catherine of Aragon
Married her cousin, Philip II, heir to the Spanish throne- ardent Roman Catholic
She attempted to restore Roman Catholicism in England
She persecuted England’s Protestants
Around 300 people burned at the stake – “Bloody Mary”
Some Protestants fled England

10. Queen Elizabeth I (r )
Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn – last of Tudors to rule England
Sought a religious settlement that would satisfy the majority of her subjects
1559- Parliament passed new Act of Supremacy- repealed the pro-Catholic laws of Mary’s reign and once again established the monarch as head of Anglican Church
She effectively oversaw the development of Protestantism in England
Practical politician who carefully navigated middle ground between Anglicanism and Protestantism
“Virgin Queen”
Catholics saw her as an illegitimate child and this rejected her legitimacy to the throne
She held strong Protestant views

11. Elizabethan settlement
Elizabeth and Parliament required conformity to the Church of England, but people could worship Protestantism and Catholicism privately
Anglican Church largely resembled Lutheranism
Some church practices resembled Catholic practices
Catholicism could not be practiced openly
Services given in English
Clergy allowed to marry
Everyone required to attend church service for Anglican Church or fined
1562- Thirty- Nine Articles: defined the creed of the Anglican Church
Followed Protestant doctrine, but vague

12. Opposition to Elizabeth
Puritans wanted to purify the church of all remaining Catholic elements
Separatists wanted to leave the Anglican Church completely --- Pilgrims
Catholics rejected the compromise and in 1569, Duke of Norfolk leads unsuccessful revolt --- is executed
This and other plots led to action against Catholics

13. Mary Queen of Scots
Elizabeth faced challenge from Catholic Mary Stuart (great- granddaughter of King Henry VII of England- claimed to succeed Elizabeth on the English throne
For almost 20 years involved in a series of Catholic plots against Elizabeth
In 1586, supported a plot to assassinate the queen and she was beheaded the following year

14. King Philip II Of Spain- also opposed Elizabeth
Had been married to Mary (Elizabeth’s sister)
English defeat of the Spanish Armada in both eliminated this threat and gave boost to English patriotism