1. South America Geography
South America is the fourth largest continent in size and the fifth largest in population.
It is located primarily in the southern hemisphere, is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the West.
The geography of South America is dominated by the Andes Mountain Range and the Amazon River (second longest river in the world). dominated by the Andes Mountain Range and the Amazon River (second longest river in the world)

2. Beginning of Civilization of South American
Prior to European colonization, the Incan Civilization was a dominant force in South America. In the 1500's, Spain and Portugal colonized much of South America. It is politically divided into twelve sovereign states: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay and Venezuela, plus the overseas administration of French Guiana.

3. Oldest Civilizations of South America
One of the oldest civilizations of South America is the Inca civilization. The capital of the Inca civilization was the city of Cusco in the Andes.
The Incas were known for their distinct and developed culture. The ruins of the Inca civilization suggest that cities were built with unmatched stonework and constructed with great precision.

4. The Three Native Civilizations found in South America
Aztec
Maya
Inca
Of the three Native civilizations found in South America (Mayas, Incas, and Aztecs), the Incas were the least warlike. Their outstanding accomplishments in art and agriculture have endured throughout the centuries as their knowledge and expertise has been passed down from generation to generation. They have retained their culture, their lifestyle, and their artistic pursuits to this very day.

5. Freedom Fighters
The colonies gained independence in the 1800's with the help of leaders such as Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin.
As a result, much of South America still speaks Spanish and Portuguese is the primary language of Brazil.
Jose de San Martin
Simon Bolivar

6. Amazon Rainforest
Amazon rainforest is home to many of the strangest looking, largest and smallest, most dangerous and least frightening, loudest and quietest animals on Earth. Visit Amazon Rainforest Animals to know more about it.

7. The Unique Animals of South America
Andean Condor
Piranha
Anaconda
Southern Right Whale
Capybara
Giant Tortoise

8. The Anaconda is one of the biggest and heaviest snake of the world.
The king of the sky, the Andean Condor is an absolute stunning sight when spotted. It is the largest flying bird on our planet, with a wingspan up to 310 cm.
The Piranha is a carnivorous sweet water fish that lives mainly in the Amazon Basin of South America.
The Giant Tortoise is an animal that can only be found on the Galapagos Islands (Ecuador).
The capybara is a semi-aquatic herbivorous animal and the largest of living rodents.

9. Amazon River
Amazon river is the lifeline of the rainforest and most of its water comes from the snow melt in the Andes of Peru - it originates high up in the mountains and formed by the join efforts of the Ucayali and Marañon rivers.

10. Climate
South America has a wide range of climates
Three main climate regions in SouthAmerica are home to many plants and animals. The higher elevations in the Andes have cold weather with mixed sun and snow. The center of the continent has mild winters, warm summers,and a rainy season.
The Amazon rainforest has a tropical climate. It is rainy all year long.

11. Landforms of South America
Atacama Desert The Atacama Desert is located in the northern part of Chile. The Atacama Desert is one of the driest places in the world. In some places rain has not fallen for centuries.
Pampas
The Pampas of South America is home to a number of rodents, many unique to the region, from grasslands to sparse vegetation. Waterfowl and waders make their home in cool rivers or coastal lagoons.
The Pampas are located in the center of the northern part of Argentina.
The Pampas are a fertile plain.

12. Natural Resources of South America
Natural resources of South America are coffee beans, cocoa beans, bananas, timber, rubber, gold, bauxite, spices, and salt.

13. Summary
South America has Earth’s longest mountain range, driest desert,biggest rain forest, and river with the most water. South America has three main climates and valuable natural resource.