1. Sponges
and
Cnidarians

2. Sponges

3. Sponges Intro.
Origin
Evolution: believed to have evolved from protists
Collar cells: are almost identical to many flagellated protist cells
Uses of collar cells:
Move water, ingest food and excrete waste

4. Sponges Intro, cont. Diversity Species #: 8300 Variety:
3% live in freshwater
Variety of shapes, sizes and colors
Live at a variety of sea depths

6. Characteristics of Sponges
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Porifera
They are mostly marine (live in salt water)
# of cells: multicellular
Body contains pores, canals and chambers that allow for water flow

7. Characteristics of Sponges
Symmetry: radial
Interior surface: lined with collar cells (choanocyte)
Choanocyte:
a flagellated collar cell that lines the inner surface of sponges

8. Choanocyte Beating flagella Create water current
Capture food and water particles
Carries away waste

9. Choanocyte Collar is made of microvilli
Why? To create a filtering device to collect food

10. Choanocyte The food particles then become trapped
How? Taken in by the food vacuoles (where they are stored and digested)

12. Food and Oxygen Exchange
Efficient? Non-efficient?
Why?
Lots of collar cells working together

14. Structure of a Sponge Made of ?
Spicules – calcareous or siliceous, support structures
Spongin – fibrous
proteins, made of
collagen

15. Spicules

16. Spongin
Fun fact:
When you wash with natural sponges, this is the portion you wash/exfoliate with!

17. Spicules & Spongin

19. Characteristics of Sponges
Reproduce asexually or sexually
By? Budding or gemmules (asexual), sperm and egg (sexual)
Larva: motile, move
Adults: sessile, don’t move
Sexual
Sponge Love Scene #1
Budding
Sponge Love Scene #2

20. Gemmule

21. Three Main Body Types 1. Asconoid Def: one large body cavity
Characteristics:
Collar cells line the main body cavity
Contain many pores

22. Three Main Body Types 2. Syconoid
Def: many canals, water flows through each canal
Characteristics:
Collar cells line canals
Can filter more water

23. Three Main Body Types 3. Leuconoid Def: contains chambers
Characteristics:
collar cells line chambers
Often used for shower sponges

24. Classification of Sponges
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Porifera
Class Calcarea
Class Hexactinellida
Class Demospongiae

25. Class Calcarea Spicules Body types?
Made of calcium carbonate (like baking soda)
Shape: needle shaped,
3-4 sections/rays
Body types?
All three types represented

26. Class Hexactinellida Spicules Body types? Asconoid or leuconoid
Made of? Silica (glass-like)
Description: Six sections/rays
Body types? Asconoid or leuconoid
Often called?
Glass sponges

27. Class Hexactinellida

28. Class Demospongiae Spicules Body types? Leuconoid only
Made of: silica
Description: don’t have 6 rays
Body types? Leuconoid only
Other characteristics:
Make up 95% of all sponges
Use this type in bath/shower

29. Class Demospongiae

30. Cnidarians

31. Characteristics of Cnidarians
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Cnidaria
Examples:
Hydra, sea anemone, jellyfish, Portuguese-man-o-war, moon jelly, sea pen, coral
Where do they live???
Almost entirely aquatic (mostly marine/salt-water)

32. Characteristics of Cnidarians
Symmetry: Radial or biradial
Head region? No definite head region
Two basic types:
Name, def, examples
Polyp: tentacles facing upwards
Ex: sea anemone, coral
Medusa: tentacles facing downwards
Ex: jellyfish, man-o-war

33. Polyp Form Polyp – Lifestyle of polyps? Sessile (do not move)
Body shape? Tubular (tube-like)
Mouth: Surrounded by tentacles (facing up)

34. Medusa Form Medusa – Lifestyle? Mobile/motile (move)
Body shape? Umbrella shaped
Mouth : surrounded by tentacles that face downwards

35. Life Cycle
Body forms? Most cnidarians exist as BOTH body forms at some point during their life cycle
Reproduction
Polyp: reproduce asexually using budding
Medusa: reproduce sexually using sperm/egg

36. Life Cycle

37. Characteristics of Cnidarians
Two layered body
Epidermis –
Def: outer part of the body
Derived from? Ectoderm
Gastrodermis –
Def: inner part of the body
Derived from? Endoderm
Lines the gut cavity
Main function: digestion

38. Characteristics of Cnidarians

39. Characteristics of Cnidarians
Tentacles contain cnidocytes
Function: aid in capture of prey/food
Characteristics: armed with nematocysts
Nematocyst: stinging cell (contains hook/barb used to catch)

40. Nematocyst Stinging cells Contain filament
When do they uncoil? When they are touched by animals (in the environment)
Contain barb or spine
Poisons can be injected

41. Nematocysts
Nematocyst Firing

42. Four Classes of Cnidarians
Class Hydrozoa
Class Scyphozoa
Class Cubozoa
Class Anthozoa

43. Class Hydrozoa Solitary (live as an individual)
Colonial (live in groups)
Reproduce? Asexually (Polyp form) OR sexually (medusa form)
Where do they live? Freshwater OR marine/salt-water
Examples: Hydra, Tubularia

44. Hydra

45. Obilia
Polyp
Medusa

46. Physalia

47. Class Scyphozoa
Movement: Solitary (live by themselves, but MOVE quiet a bit)
Body form: Medusa form (most)
Where do they live? All marine/salt-water
Organs? Sensory organs found on the ridge of the umbrella
Examples: Cassiopeia, Aurelia

48. Aurelia

49. Cassiopeia

50. Class Cubozoa
Movement: Solitary (live by themselves but MOVE quite a bit)
Body form: Medusa form (most)
Where do they live? All marine/salt-water
Characteristics? Umbrella is more square in shape
Examples: Tripedalia, Carybdea

51. Carybdea

52. Chiropsalmus

53. Class Anthozoa
Movement: Solitary (individual)or colonial (group); tentacles move some (but animals are fixed to a spot, usually)
Body form: all polyps (no medusas!)
Where do they live? All marine/salt-water
Examples:
Exist in three subclasses
Subclass Hexacorallia
Subclass Ceriantipatharia
Subclass Octocoral

54. Hexacorallia

55. Ceriantipatharia

56. Octocorallia

57. Sponges and Cnidarians in Biosphere
Human Uses
Bioindicators: provide info about the environment/oceans/water bodies
Sponges
Filter water
Pollutants are concentrated in collar cells
Corals:
sensitive to water pollution (loose coloration)
Help protect shore line from erosion (decrease force of waves)

58. Sponges and Cnidarians in Biosphere
Biomedical/Pharmaceutical industry
New antibiotics
Anticancer compound found in small % of sponges
Consumer products
Natural sponges (bathing)
Spicules used in clay to strengthen ceramic pots, etc

59. Sponges and Cnidarians in Biosphere
In the Environment
Form of food, camouflage and protection for other animals
Many symbiotic relationships
Corals and Sponges
The most abundant animal in most reefs
Base of most aquatic food chains
May be used as camouflage
Ex: Crab species place sponges on their backs for protection

60. Sponges and Cnidarians in Biosphere
Other relationships
Cnidarians with dinoflagellates(protists)—
Form reefs when this relationship occurs
Homes for other organisms
Shrimp, clown fish and eels use sponges as homes
Coral reefs provide protection