1. European Transformation

2. Religious and Political Innovations
New Modern Era
Reformation
Religious Reform
economic prosperity
Renaissance
St. Peter’s Basilica
corruption
Pope Leo X (Medici)
( )
indulgences
Martin Luther
challenge to Pope Leo
faith over works

3. Reformation

4. Lutheranism

5. Religious and Political Innovations
Protestant Reformation
rejection of Pope’s authority
word of God & Bible
Lutheranism
salvation through Jesus Christ
German-speaker appeal
printing press
John Calvin ( )
Protestant
Institutes of the Christian Religion
Salvation is predestined
simplification of church rituals
rejection of celibacy; pro-marriage
Catholic Reformation
Society of Jesus (1534)
Ignatius of Loyola

6. Failure of Empire, 1519-1556 Holy Roman Empire Opponents
federation of Germanic states
Ottomans (Vienna)
Charles V
Habsburg
Austria and Spain
Holy Roman Emperor
Goal: unite Europe
Opponents
King Francis I
Luther’s Reformation
German Wars of Religion (1546)
Peace of Augsburg (1555)
Breakup of empire
Catholicism or Lutheranism

7. Royal Centralization, 1550-1750
Key Ingredients
1) Talented rulers (advisors)
Jean Colbert (France)
Robert Walpole (Great Britain)
2) Long tenure
Spain 6 ( )
France 5 ( )
Increased Power
limit of church power
Roman Catholic
King Philip (Spain)
Inquisition
King Henry of Navarre (France)
Catholic Conversion
Edict of Nantes

8. Religious Tolerance

9. Royal Centralization, 1550-1750
Increased Power
King Louis XIV (France)
Revocation of Edict of Nantes
King Henry VIII (England)
Katharine of Aragon
head of Church of England
monasteries and convents
limit of noble power
uniformity in law
intendants
army
vernacular
nationalism over Latin

10. Henry VIII

11. Absolutism & Constitutionalism
no check on power
France
Estates-General
not called to session
efficiency in tax collection
selling high office
Palace of Versailles
Constitutionalism
written constitution checks power
Great Britain
coerced loans
Scottish rebellion 1642
King Charles I

12. Absolutism & Constitutionalism
English Civil War
House of Commons 1642
Two sides
Lords
bishops and nobles
Commoners
Puritans
“Rump” parliament
Charles I executed (1649)
Oliver Cromwell ( )
Glorious Revolution (1688)
William of Orange
Mary Stuart
Refusals to call parliament

13. Building State Power Powerful Military Balance of power firearms
large standing armies
drilling techniques
France
naval superiority
ramming to maneuverability
cannon technology
England
end of Spain’s dominance
Balance of power
War of Spanish Succession
Austria/ Prussia/ England

14. Elizabeth I

15. Urban Society Business Practices banks joint-stock companies
family funded
banks
big business / government
security
joint-stock companies
limit of risk and reward
monopolized overseas trade
stock exchanges
insurance companies
Technology
refinement of existing
spread of printed material

16. Realm of Ideas Scientific Revolution Enlightenment natural causes
Nicholas Copernicus
heliocentric
Galileo Galilei
The Starry Messenger
Isaac Newton
forces of gravity
Enlightenment
power of reason
John Locke (1690)
Second Treatise of Civil Government

17. Galileo

18. John Locke