1. Society, physical activity and sport
Unit 4

2. topics The History of Physical Activity and Sport Early history
Olympic Revival
Gender Issues
Government Involvement

3. topics Business, Physical Activity and Sport Pro vs Amateurism
Sport for Profit
Roles in Pro Sport
Media and Sport
Consumer Awareness

4. topics Ethical Issues, Physical Activity and Sport Gender
Sponsorship and Advertising
Violence and Aggression
Cheating
Fair Play

5. 1. History of Physical education & sport

6. Learning goals
We are learning to understand the important role sport and physical activity played in early human society.

7. Introduction – white boards
How has the following affected the development of sport in Canada?
Geography
Climate
Distribution of Population
Economics
Government
Multiculturalism
Education
Technology

8. What was sport like in other countries?

9. Greeks early Olympic Games 776 BC first recorded
running, then wrestling, long distance running, discuss, boxing, long jump, javelin
unit of time OLYMPIAD - homage to Zeus
Olympic truce was called

10. romans
boxing
turned into Gladiator sport
chariot races

11. Social significance
original Olympics part of religious celebrations honouring the god Zeus
G believed gods bestowed extraordinary physical abilities upon athletes and winners would present offerings to the temples of gods
Games provided an opportunity for much admired young male athletes to demonstrate their physical strength and fitness

12. Societal values
worship of G and R gods was an important religious and social practice and human activities such as sports were performed in homage to gods
society was male dominated and oriented towards war, military conquest and glory of G nation state and R empire
slavery was accepted part of society
society was hierarchical – divided into distinct classes according to lineage, wealth, political power and military rank

13. Sporting values
participation valued as means to attaining both physical and mental well being
the ideal of a sound mind in a healthy body was highly prized
Olympic Truce: permitted nations to participate in the Games in a peaceful setting even if they were at war with one another

14. equitability
only men of high social standing were allowed to compete in the ancient Olympics
married women were not allowed to watch Olympic events
women and citizens of lower social status were not allowed to compete in the Games

15. Aztecs “Tlachtli” - basketball-like
put ball through hoop without hands
losers lost their heads

16. Native Americans important for young warriors
physical and spiritual fitness
wrestling, archery, foot races, horse races

17. Native Canadians “baggataway” - a more violent form of lacrosse
modified by French and English settlers
military training during peace times
once used to attack an English settlement

18. Mid 1800s England Industrial Revolution and Victorian Era
middle class development
more facilities made - produced a profit
British “gentlemen” - fair play
Amateurism
promoted manly character
but harmful to women
sport builds character and should be part of the educational system
cricket, rugby, soccer, calisthenics, rowing,
physical education grows

19. The Industrial Revolution and the Victorian Era
rural agra economies shifted to urban- based manufacturing economies
populations grew and a new prosperous middle class emerged
middle class was eager to join the upper classes in leisure pursuits
popular recreational activities included bicycling, roller skating, horseback riding, boating, and swimming
rules and time limits were set on spectator sports such as cricket, football, and tennis to accommodate workers’ schedules

21. Victorian attitudes toward sport
Victorian ideal of “amateurism” excluded the lower classes from participating
sport was seen to develop manly character and camaraderie among the privileged classes
Victorian ideal of the “gentleman athlete” excluded women
most Victorians believed that too much physical activity would harm a woman’s delicate constitution

22. Sport and PE in Victorian era
because sport “built character,” it was viewed as vital to a privileged young man’s education
PE and sport became a growing part of the British “public” (i.e., private) school system
Victorian young men brought their sports to the British colonies
in Upper Canada in the 1840s, Dr. Egerton Ryerson established a more accessible public education system that included PE

23. The Olympics
the Olympic Movement celebrated its 100th anniversary in Paris in 1994 and (Atlanta) marked the 100th anniversary of the Olympic Games
the Games have always been just one part of the Movement guided by the philosophy of Olympism
founded by Baron Pierre de Coubertin; believed in the Olympic ideals

24. Social significance
in 1896, PdC revived ancient Olympics as a modern international sporting competition to promote the ideal of “a sound mind in a health body” and to prepare young French soldiers for battle
the revived Games honoured the principles of competing against the best and focussing on the competition rather than the prize
gradually, sport and physical education shifted from a model based on militaristic discipline and training to one that emphasized school and team spirit, pursuing ones “personal best”, having fun, and reaping social and health related awards as well

25. Societal values
beginning of 20th century onward has seen a general shift in Western societal values and attitudes reflecting the idea that everyone – not just the privileged few – has right to reap personal, social and health related rewards of participating in physical activity and sport
trend in democratic nations has been towards greater individual rights and freedoms, inclusivity and acceptance of diversity in various areas of life, including sport

26. Sport values
the modern Olympics aimed to promote sporting values that overlapped with societal values, e.g. international understanding and cooperation; tolerance; amateurism, and nationalism
the modern era saw an increase in appreciation for elite-level athleticism; elite athletes gained ever-increasing social status and recognition, sometimes to the point of superstardom
at the same time, ordinary citizens began to place an increasing value on performing physical activities for the sake of enjoyment, self-improvement and health benefits

27. equitability first modern Olympic Games in 1896 did not embrace equity
excluded women, people of colour, and people with disabilities
only able-bodied gentlemen were allowed to compete
today, women have won gains as equal participants in the Games, as have people with a range of disabilities

28. The Olympics
776 BC - the first recorded Olympics takes place with only one event - the stade race, a sprint of about 600 feet ( metres)
80 BC - Olympics moved to Rome to after the Greek mainland is added to the Roman Empire
76 BC - Games moved back to Olympia
393 AD - the first Christian Emperor bans all Pagan cults, including the Olympics

29. The Olympics
the first modern Olympic Games held in Athens, Greece
Women first compete in the Games, in tennis and golf
Etienne Desmarteau, a Montreal policeman is the first Canadian to win a gold medal
Canada sends its first official team to the Olympics in London, England
Games cancelled due to WWI

30. The Olympics 1920 - Ice hockey introduced as a sport
Summer and Winter Olympics begin to be held separately
first Olympic Winter Games held in Chamonix, France
Torch relay introduced in Munich, torch races were not part of the ancient Olympic festival, although they were part of other Greek athletic gatherings

31. The Olympics 1940 & 1944 - Games cancelled because of WWII
Two Afro-American athletes are sent home from Mexico City Games after giving the "black power" salute in protest of the denial of black civil rights
Montreal hosts the games and spends two billion dollars in preparation
The United States, Canada and 50 other countries boycott the Moscow Games following the invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union

32. The Olympics
The Soviet Union boycotts the Olympics in Los Angeles
Canadian sprinter Ben Johnson loses his gold medal for the 100-metre race after testing positive for anabolic steroids
South Africa permitted to the games for the first time after a 30-year ban. 12 separate teams represent the countries formerly part of the USSR
Winter and Summer Olympics begin to be held at two-year intervals to each other

33. Europeans sword fighting, horseback riding
medieval games for Knights and the rich
Renaissance Man
saw physical fitness as an addition to the betterment of mind and body
da Vinci - anatomy studies
first childhood PE studies

34. Scotland Scotland versions of Ice and field hockey in 1400s
Golf
Curling
versions of Ice and field hockey in 1400s

35. Learning goals
We are learning to understand the important role sport and physical activity played in early human society.

36. Your task Find one Canadian Historical Athlete Who is it?
What did they do?
Why are they important?