1. Cardiovascular System
Structure & Circulation

2. Heart

3. System Includes Heart Blood Vessels Arteries – away from
Veins – toward
Capillaries

4. Heart

5. Cardiovascular Functions
Transportation
Carries: O2, CO2, nutrients, waste, enzymes
Regulation pH
Temperature
Water balance
Protection
Blood loss - clotting
Immune system

6. Cardiovascular Functions
Ensures unidirectional flow of blood
Pumps blood to lungs and body
Develops blood pressure for nutrient and waste exchange

7. Heart-Anatomical Location and Orientation

8. Heart Anatomical Orientation and Location

9. Heart Structure

10. Heart Structure 4 Chambers: Right Atrium
Receives blood from body: Low in oxygen
Superior vena cava
Arms and upper body
Inferior vena cava
Lower extremities

11. Heart Structure 4 Chambers: Right Ventricle Lower right chamber
Low oxygen blood
Send blood to lung for oxygenation

12. Heart Structure 4 Chambers: Left Atrium Receives blood from: Lungs
Oxygenated blood
Pumps to left ventricle

13. Heart Structure 4 Chambers: Left Ventricle
Receives blood from left atrium – high oxygen
Pumps to body circulation (systemic)

14. Blood Flow Through the Heart

15. Blood Flow Through the Heart Animationk

16. Heart Structure Pericardium “Sac” around heart Made of serous membrane
Facts
Room to move
Reduces friction
Confines heart
Problems
Pericarditis
Pericardial Effusion

17. Pericardium

18. Layers of the Heart

19. Layers of the Heart
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Figure 18.3

20. Cardiac Muscle Cells

21. Cardiac Muscle Cells

22. Heart Structure

23. Heart Structure Endocardium Inner membrane - lines heart
Endocarditis – endocardium inflammation

24. Heart Structure Myocardium Heart Muscle Surrounds chambers
Thickness varies
L. ventricle > R. ventricle > R. atrium > L. atrium

25. Heart Structure
Epicardium
Membrane on outside of the heart

26. Valves of the Heart

27. Heart Valves

28. Heart Valves Flow in one direction Prevents backflow
Made of collagen connective tissue

29. Heart Valves 2 Atrioventricular valves – (AV) Bicuspid (2 flaps)
Tricuspid (3 flaps)
Bicuspid (2 flaps)
AKA Mitral Valve
Attachment: Papillary muscles, prevent blood reflux

30. Atrioventricular Valves (Open)

31. Atrioventricular Valves (Closed)
Figure 18.9b

32. Heart Valves 2 Semilunar valves
Composition: connective tissue flaps with crescent-shapes
Pulmonary: stop reflux in right ventricle
Aortic: stop reflux in left ventricle

33. Semilunar Valves (Open vs Closed)

34. Conduction System Cardiac muscle tissue has intrinsic ability to:
Generate and conduct impulses
Signal these cells to contract rhythmically
Conducting system
A series of specialized cardiac muscle cells
Sinoatrial (SA) node sets the inherent rate of contraction

35. Conducting System

36. Conduction System

37. Conduction System

38. Disorders of the Heart Coronary artery disease
Atherosclerosis – fatty deposits
Angina pectoris – chest pain
Myocardial infarction – blocked coronary artery
Silent ischemia – no pain or warning

39. Disorders of the Heart Heart failure
Progressive weakening of the heart
Cannot meet the body’s demands for oxygenated blood
Congestive heart failure – heart enlarges
Pumping efficiency declines
Cor pulmonale
Enlargement and potential failure of the right ventricle

40. Disorders of Conduction
Ventricular fibrillation
Rapid, random firing of electrical impulses in the ventricles
Atrial fibrillation
Multiple waves of impulses randomly signal the AV node
Signals ventricles to contract quickly and irregularly