1. BELLWORK: September 27th
How did land, naval and air forces coordinate their actions in the Pacific?
THINKER: In your opinion, which Pacific battle was the most important in the defeat of Japan? Why? Explain!

2. Operations in the Pacific War
Japan’s Refusal to Surrender

3. War in the Pacific: Important Battles
By early-1942, it became difficult for Japanese to maintain control of vast empire  switch to defensive!
Low on resources and weapons
U.S. codebreakers discovered several planned attacks
Once a 2nd front in Europe is opened (1942), American forces concentrated on island hopping: a military strategy of attacking specific enemy-held islands.
Battle of the Coral Sea: (5/4/1942) mutual bombing of navies
Battle of Midway: (6/4/1942) U.S. wins its first Pacific battle by fighting entirely from the air and destroying the Japanese navy.

5. US Aircraft Carrier, Lexington, under attack at the Battle of the Coral Sea

6. Battle of Midway = Turning Point in Pacific!

7. Allied Offensives:
Battle of Guadalcanal: (2/9/1943) First Japanese-held territory conquered by the U.S. (paved way for 2-pronged offensive)
1944: Maximize navy, improve radar, increase defense
Battle of Leyte Gulf (Philippines): (10/23/1944)Greatest naval battle in history; vital to stop oil production.
Battle of Iwo Jima: (2/1945): vital to provide support for bombing campaign of mainland; clear victory
Battle of Okinawa: (4/11/1945) Last obstacle to an Allied invasion of the Japanese home islands. (played huge role in future tactical decisions…..why?)

8. U.S. Marines in Guadalcanal; 1942

9. Torpedoed Japanese destroyer; Battle of Leyte Gulf

10. General MacArthur at Leyte Gulf

12. Chinese ground forces By this point, they forced Japan out of strongholds and advanced into Burma

13. American ship, Bunker Hill, after being attacked by Kamikazes – Battle of Okinawa

15. DISCUSSION
THINKER: In your opinion, which Pacific battle was the most important in the defeat of Japan? Why? Explain!

16. Allied Bombing Campaign
By Spring 1945, Japanese home islands were in range of US B-29 bombers.
US Air Force decided to attack at low level with incendiary bombs.
Civilian deaths = 300,000 and ½ of country’s urban centers were burned to the ground
Japanese government still refused to surrender.

19. HOMEWORK: Due tomorrow!
Read about the Manhattan Project!
Finish the “Manhattan Project” portion of the worksheet
Be prepared to develop and defend your personal opinion on the atomic bomb!

20. Bellwork 9/28: Analyze the primary sources to list the pros/cons of the atomic bomb.
PRO BOMB!
ANTI BOMB!

21. Upcoming dates in IB History….
Monday 10/1: End of WWII in Pacific (U6 Term Cards!)
Tuesday 10/2: ½ day = current event!
Wednesday 10/3: Effects of WWII in Pacific
All late/missing work is due for Q1 grades!
Thursday 10/4 & Friday 10/5: Crimes against civilians (video/wkst) & term card work
Monday 10/15 & Wednesday 10/17: War Crime Trials
Thursday 10/18: WWII Exam (term cards due!)

22. The Manhattan Project
A 1941 top secret plan to develop the first atomic bomb.
Combination of scientists and physicists
Albert Einstein
Robert Oppenheimer
Presidential approval
FDR
Truman
How it works….

23. Atomic bomb test: Los Alamos, New Mexico – July 1945

24. Truman’s decision
Truman warned Japanese that if they didn’t surrender, they could expect a “rain of ruin from the air”
Enola Gay dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945
The second was dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945

25. Hiroshima and Nagasaki

26. Civilian Warning Pre-Hiroshima
TO THE JAPANESE PEOPLE: America asks that you take immediate heed of what we say on this leaflet.
We are in possession of the most destructive explosive ever devised by man. A single one of our newly developed atomic bombs is actually the equivalent in explosive power to what 2000 of our giant B-29s can carry on a single mission. This awful fact is one for you to ponder and we solemnly assure you it is grimly accurate.
We urge that you accept these consequences and begin the work of building a new, better and peace-loving Japan.
You should take steps now to cease military resistance. Otherwise, we shall resolutely employ this bomb and all our other superior weapons to promptly and forcefully end the war.

27. Civilian Warning Pre-Nagasaki
ATTENTION JAPANESE PEOPLE. EVACUATE YOUR CITIES. Because your military leaders have rejected the surrender declaration, two momentous events have occurred in the last few days.
The Soviet Union, because of this rejection on the part of the military has notified your Ambassador Sato that it has declared war on your nation. Thus, all powerful countries of the world are now at war with you.
Also, because of your leaders' refusal to accept the surrender declaration that would enable Japan to honorably end this useless war, we have employed our atomic bomb.
A single one of our newly developed atomic bombs is actually the equivalent in explosive power to what 2000 of our giant B-29s could have carried on a single mission. Radio Tokyo has told you that with the first use of this weapon of total destruction, Hiroshima was virtually destroyed.
Before we use this bomb again and again to destroy every resource of the military by which they are prolonging this useless war, petition the emperor now to end the war. Our president has outlined for you the thirteen consequences of an honorable surrender. We urge that you accept these consequences and begin the work of building a new, better, and peace-loving Japan.
Act at once or we shall resolutely employ this bomb and all our other superior weapons to promptly and forcefully end the war.
EVACUATE YOUR CITIES.

29. Aftermath Ground Temperature 7000F Force Winds 980mph Energy Released
20,000 tons of TNT
Buildings Destroyed
62,000
Killed Immediately
80,000 people
Dead by end of 1945
140,000 people
Total Deaths
220,000 people

32. Hiroshima

33. Nagasaki

35. What do YOU think? Was dropping the atomic bomb the right thing to do?
PRO BOMB!
ANTI BOMB!
________________________________________________________

36. HOMEWORK: due Monday!
Read and annotate the “Effects of WWII in the Pacific”
Pages

37. BELLWORK: 10/1 Why was there a decolonization movement post-WWII?
Summarize the terms and goals of U.S. occupation of Japan.
THINKER: In your opinion, what is the biggest issue the Allies have to deal with post-WWII?

38. Japan surrendered to General Douglas MacArthur on September 2, 1945
"Should We continue to fight, it would not only result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation, but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization." Emperor Hirohito

39. Effects of WWII in Asia Japan was eliminated as a major power
Allied occupation of Japan ( )
MacArthur appointed Supreme Commander of Allied Powers (SCAP)
Removal of Japanese troops in China
In 1949, China falls to communism under Mao Zedong
Territories are reclaimed: Taiwan, Korea (divided), Pacific Islands
USSR gets control of Sakhalin and Kuril Islands
The Emperor would help maintain political stability and facilitate reform
Japan was turned into a democratic state with a new constitution

43. Treaty of San Francisco: 9/8/1951
Officially ended Japan’s imperial empire
Japan accepted judgement of International Military Tribunal
Ended American occupation of Japan (improved relations)
Compensate Allies, civilians and POW’s
Japanese compensation to countries occupied during 1941–45
Country
Amount in US $
Date of treaty
Burma
200,000,000
November 5, 1955
Philippines
550,000,000
May 9, 1956
Indonesia
223,080,000
January 20, 1958
Vietnam
38,000,000
May 13, 1959
Total
$1,012,080,000

44. In accordance with Clause 14 of the Treaty, Allied forces confiscated all assets owned by the Japanese government, firms, organization and private citizens, in all colonized or occupied countries
Japanese overseas assets in 1945
Country/region
Value (US Dollars)
Korea
468,370,000
Taiwan
2,846,100,000
North East China
9,768,800,000
North China
3,695,800,000
Central South China
2,447,900,000
Others
1,867,600,000
Total
$25,300,000,000

45. Yalta Conference
February 1945 Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta (Soviet Union) to discuss the postwar world
Formed the United Nations
Divided Germany and Berlin into four zones
Stalin obtained Poland if he promised to allow free elections
Stalin gained Pacific islands if he promised to declare war on Japan

48. KEEP IN MIND:
Stalin is gong to break these promises …….. COLD WAR!!!!

49. New United Nations structure!

51. How were politics different post-WWI vs. post-WWII
How were politics different post-WWI vs. post-WWII? Consider political parties and colonies!

52. Review: Superpowers post-WWII
Why did the U.S. and U.S.S.R emerge as superpowers post-WWII?
Military Reasons
US #1 air power & USSR #1 ground forces; FR/UK could not defeat Germany, USSR lacking strong neighbors  regional power!
Economic Reasons
Both economies strengthened by war, US committed to open trade, E.Euro needs a larger/dependable power
Political Reasons
Both see democracy/communism triumphing over fascism, USSR resisted Germany, Stalin’s influence in Europe, USSR/US strength prevented instability in their spheres of influence
Areas of tension
Post-war control of Poland, Germany, E.Europe and Japan; China, formation of the UN, reparations, atomic bomb, elections