1. Semester Exam Review
Part II- Chapters 5-7

2. Chapter 5
Identity

3. What to remember about identity
1. How is identity constructed?
2. How can places affect identity?
3. How do power relationships affect identity?

4. 1. How is identity constructed?
Gender
Assumptions about the sexes
Race
Categorization based on skin color and other physical attributes
Ethnicity
Constructed identity that is tied to a place

5. 2. How can places affect identity?
Sense of place
Places change identity based on who lives there
Space and Place
Social relations

6. 3. How do power relationships affect identity?
Assumptions and structures about who is in control
Women
Often do not have as much power or control as men
Sub-Saharan Africa
Dowry deaths

7. Chapter 6
language

8. What to remember about Language
1. How does language influence culture?
2. Why and how are languages distributed?
3. How do languages diffuse?
4. What are the top languages?

9. 1. How does language influence culture?
National identities
Creating a standard language
Mutual Intelligibilty
Political conflict
Cultural heritages torn
Example: Belgium (Flanders and Wallonia- Flemish and French)
Dialects
Variants along regional or ethnic lines in vocab, pronunciation, pace…
Isogloss
Geographic boundaries where linguistic features occur
Example: North, South

10. 2. Why and how are languages distributed?
Formation of language
divergence, convergence
Language families
Indo-European Language family is #1 (English)
Sino-Tibetan is #2 (Mandarin Chinese)
Reflect who controlled the area, who lived there, what cultures and religions were present
Theories of distribution
Still do not know exactly where languages began, but probably around where more people lived and migrated to and from around the Fertile Crescent

11. 3. How do languages diffuse?
Human Interaction
Trade- communication
Migration
Lingua Franca- English
Print Distribution
Monolingual and multilingual states
Promoting one language over another
Colonialism
Forcing languages on peoples

12. 4. What are the top languages?
1. Mandarin Chinese
2. English
3. Hindi
4. Spanish
5. Russian
6. Arabic
7. Bengali
8. Portuguese
9. Malay-Indonesian
10. French

14. Chapter 7
religion

15. What to remember about Religion
1. What are the major religions, their origins, and diffusion paths?
2. How is religion seen on the cultural landscape?
3. How does religion influence political conflicts?

16. 1. What are the major religions, their origins, and diffusion paths?
Polytheistic
Hinduism- South Asia 4000 yrs ago
Caste System
India, South Asia and Southeast Asia
Buddhism- South Asia 2500 yrs ago
Splintered off of Hinduism
Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha)- Four Noble Truths
Tibet and East Asia
Monotheistic
Taoism- China 2500 yrs ago
Feng Shui
Into East Asia
Confucianism- China 2500 yrs ago
Confucian Classics (Analects)
East and Southeast Asia
Christianity- Southwest Asia yrs ago
Bible
Into Western Europe and then world wide
Islam- Arabian Peninsula 1500 yrs ago
Qu’ran and Mohammad
Into North Africa, Spain, Southeast Asia

17. 1. What are the major religions, their origins, and diffusion paths?
Animistic
Native American Religions
Shinto
Mixed with Buddhism in Japan
Universalizing (actively seek converts)
Christianity, Buddhism, Islam
Ethnic (adherents are born into faith)
Confucianism
Judaism- Southwest Asia 4000 yrs ago
First major Monotheistic religion
Torah
Into European Cities, North America, Israel
Hinduism

18. 2. How is religion seen on the cultural landscape?
Sacred Sites
Christianity
Jerusalem, Churches, statues
Islam
Jerusalem, Mosques, Mecca
Hinduism
Ganges River
Buddhism
Pagodas
Judaism
Jerusalem, Synagogues
Pilgrimages
Travel to a religious site to pay respects or participate in rituals at the site
Vatican City
Mecca
World Wide:
Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism

19. 3. How does religion influence political conflicts?
Interfaith boundaries
Between major faiths
Christian-Muslim
Israel-Palestine
Intrafaith boundaries
Within a single faith
Sunni-Shi’ite Muslim (Sunni is the larger group)
Religious Fundamentalism
Return to the basics
Religious Extremism
Carry out the basics to the point of violence