1. 58-59
85-86
90-92

2. CCOT ESSAY Bellwork
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3. Interactive Notebook Setup
4/3/2017
European New Imperialism
This will be one page

4. Background
Methods of Conquest
Motivations/Causes
Types of Colonialism

5. Background
Imperialism means extending the rule of an empire over foreign territories and acquiring colonies
Took place between: 1812 and 1914
Territories officially incorporated into European colonial empires were mostly in India, Africa, Southeast Asia, and the islands of the Pacific
Some countries maintained their formal independence from Europe
China, the Ottoman Empire, Japan

7. Background
One European country after another began to claim parts of Africa
Able to take African territories easily because they had superior weapons and a lot of money
In 1885 several European nations met at Berlin Conference to decide how to divide up Africa
No African leaders invited
Peaceful negotiations made between the European powers that officially decided “who got what”
By Europeans controlled 90% of Africa
European powers often had to use extensive and bloody military action to maintain control within their acquired African territories
The Berlin Conference

8. A Second Wave of European Conquests
First Wave of European Colonialism
Second Wave of European Colonialism
1500s s
1750 – 1900
In the Western Hemisphere (Americas)
In Africa and Asia
Spain and Portugal = were major players; NOT ANYMORE DUN DUN DUN
New countries involved = Germany, Italy, Belgium, the U.S., Japan
Devastated native populations
No massive devastation done to native peoples
Europeans chose the path of conquest and outright colonial rule
Europeans preferred informal control (cheaper & less likely to cause war)
Construction of 2nd-wave European empires in Africa and Asia involved military force or the threat of using it
Although they would have preferred non-violent takeovers, Europeans often had to fight in wars of conquest to create their empires
Always won in the end  superior militaries and weapons

9. Colonial Asia in the Early 20th Century

10. Colonial Africa in the Early 20th Century

12. Economic Causes
Main catalyst of New Imperialism was the Industrial Revolution
Economic changes/advancements created more need for raw materials, agricultural products, etc.
Needed to look abroad to find these
Needed markets for selling their finished products to
More products sold = more money
Kept factories running and workers employed

13. Political Causes
Another factor driving European imperialism rising nationalism
Intensified rivalries between European states
Colonies and spheres of influence became symbols of national “Great Power” status
Result was nations tried to acquire as many territories as quickly as possible  even if they had no real economic value

14. Social and Religious Causes
In the past = Europeans believed in their “religious superiority” over others
With industrialization, Europe developed a more secularized view of their own superiority
They had started the Scientific and Industrial Revolutions, amassed great wealth, and built up a supreme military
New “racial superiority” developed which was based on modern “science”

15. Social and Religious Causes
Scientists and physicians measured and classified the size and shape of human skulls
Conclusion = skulls of white people found to be larger, therefore more advanced
Biologists applied notions of “rank” to human beings
Hierarchy of races created
Whites on top and less developed races beneath them
New theory that race determined human intelligence, moral development, and destiny
Conclusions=European expansion was natural and inevitable
“The Progressive
Development of Man”

16. Social and Religious Causes
Social Darwinism suggested a natural weeding out of “weaker” peoples of the world would allow the “stronger” to flourish
Belief in European dominance involved the displacement or destruction of backward peoples or “unfit” races

17. Social and Religious Causes
Europeans felt a sense of responsibility to the “weaker races”
Author Rudyard Kipling referred to this idea as the “white man’s burden”
Belief in a “civilizing mission” = meant bringing:
Christianity to the heathen
Good government to the disordered lands
Work discipline and production for the market to “lazy natives”
Education to the uneducated and illiterate
Clothing to the naked
Health care to the sick

18. The Gatling Gun = One of the earliest machine guns
Methods of Conquest
Many advancements produced during the industrial era aided Europeans in their imperial quests:
Steam-powered ships=quicker travel and ability to travel further inland
Underwater telegraph = made possible instant communication with far-away outposts of the empire
Discovery of quinine = prevented malaria
Breech-loading rifles and machine guns=MASSIVE military advantage
Quinine = found naturally in the bark of cinchona trees; used as the first effective treatment for malaria
Used until the 1940s
The Gatling Gun = One of the earliest machine guns

19. Methods of Conquest
Bankers and wealthy landowners bought land to operate plantations in Asia and Africa
More land purchased meant weakened local landowners and
W. European and US companies would also take control mines and plantations via massive investment in capital
African and Asian local mines and plantations grew more and more dependent on foreign companies investment
Local landlords and governments lost land and power when they couldn’t pay back loans

20. Direct Rule DEFINITION:
When local rulers are removed completely and total control and authority is given to Western Officials
Often also lead to efforts to convert to Christianity and replace local culture
EXAMPLE:
French Indochina

22. Indirect Rule DEFINITION:
When local rulers are allowed to keep their authority and position in new colonial governments while allowing colonial power easy access to region’s resources
Often developed from presence of European Joint Stock companies
Local intermediaries could retain their status and gain wealth by exercising authority at the local level
EXAMPLE:
British control of India

23. Sphere of Influence DEFINITION:
Nations gain exclusive trading rights in territory, dominate all trade, but allow the local government to make other decisions
Often occurred as a result of military conflict and making of treaties
EXAMPLE:
Britain & the U.S. in China
Dutch in Indonesia

25. Settler Colonialism
DEFINITION: Colonizing with the express purposes of territorial occupation and the formation of a new community rather than the extraction of labor or resources Often go along with direct rule Settler colonies create society of racial segregation EXAMPLE: French in Algeria British in S. Africa, Australia, & New Zealand