1. MR. PORTER’S APUSH POWERPOINT FOR CHAPTER 6
Europe Fights for Control of the New World

2. Themes for Chapter 6 1. England will become dominant world power
2. Colonists will learn that England’s army is not invincible and thus question their superiority
3. Colonists are allied with England in 1763 but 12 years (1775) they are enemies.

3. From 1688 to 1763 four world wars were fought
Beginning in the late 1600s, England, France, and Spain fought for control of New World
Native Americans were swept up into these battles as well
From 1688 to four world wars were fought
These were a struggle for domination of Europe and America
Last of these (Seven Years’ War aka French and Indian War) will lead to American independence from Britain

4. Population growth in New France was slow
In 1608 France established a colony in Quebec and also called “New France”
Headed by Samuel de Champlain
Over the next 150 years, the Iroquois Indians were France’s lasting enemy, blocking French colonization of the Ohio Valley and fighting with the British against France and their fur trade.
Population growth in New France was slow
They concentrated mostly on fur trading not establishing settlements

5. Zones of Empire, 1700

6. French empire builders
In 1701 Antione Cadillac founded Detroit to stop English settlers from pushing into Ohio Valley
In Robert de La Salle sailed down Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico
He named area “Louisiana” to honor Louis XIV
French built forts on the Mississippi to stop Spanish expansion
The most important of these was New Orleans

7. The earliest wars between European powers for control of North America
King William’s War (1689 – 1697)
Queen Anne’s War (1702 – 1713)
British colonists mainly fought French fur-trappers
Both sides recruited whatever Indians they could
Europe did not think New World was worth large numbers of regular troops, so both sides fought primitive guerrilla warfare

8. Peace treaty signed in 1713
Treaty showed how badly the French and Spanish had been beaten by English
Britain gained Acadia (renamed Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay)
The British had land on both sides of the St. Lawrence River, which would ultimately lead to France being forced to withdraw
This peace began decades of “salutary neglect” toward the American colonies, leading ultimately to the colonists' desire for independence

9. North America After Two Wars, 1713

10. British also won trading rights in Spanish America as result of 1713 Treaty
Led to problems over British smuggling to get around Spanish revenue laws
British captain Jenkins captured by Spanish authorities
Spanish had one of his ears sliced off; he was told to take it back to the king, and tell the king that Spain would have done the same to the King of England if he had been there

11. In 1739 the War of Jenkin’s Ear broke out as a result of that incident
This was a limited war between British and Spanish in Caribbean Sea and Georgia
From 1740 to 1748, King George’s War was waged
War of Jenkin’s Ear merged into this war
France was again allied with Spain against Britain

12. During the mid-1700s, Ohio Valley became the primary area of fighting between France and the British colonists
British colonists wanted to push into the Ohio Valley
France wanted to link its holdings in the Mississippi Valley and Canada
British colonists now willing to fight French to protect their economic security because they worried about French land-grabbing and competition in the fur-trade
The most important Fort was Duquesne (doo-kain); where the three rivers meet (now the site of Pittsburgh)

13. In 1754, George Washington was sent to Ohio as a lieutenant colonel, commanding about 150 men from Virginia
He came upon a small French force, attacked, and killed the French leader
Washington then quickly built Fort Necessity in the area
The French returned with reinforcements, surrounded Fort Necessity, and forced Washington to surrender (thus Washington losses the very first battle he ever fights in)

14. A Reconstruction of Fort Necessity

15. Due to hostilities in Ohio, the British in Nova Scotia uprooted French Acadians and scattered them to Louisiana to prevent an uprising
Acadians are now called “Cajuns” in the South and have created a distinctive subculture
From 1754 to 1756 an undeclared war in America between France and Britain
From 1756 to 1763 the Seven Years’ War was fought in Europe, the West Indies, Philippines, Africa, and the ocean

16. In 1754, England called an inter-colonial conference which became known as the Albany (NY) Conference
Only 7 of 13 colonies came
Purposes were to get the Iroquois to fight with the British and to get greater colonial unity to fight France
At the conference Benjamin Franklin drew the most famous cartoon of the colonial era – Join, or Die

18. Results of the Albany Congress
Albany delegates adopted plan for unity
Plan was rejected by the individual colonies and by the British government
Colonies thought the plan did not give them enough independence
British government thought the plan gave colonies too much independence
Early on the war battles do not go well for the British and General Braddock is sent to America to win the war but dies in battle in 1755.

19. In 1756 the British invaded French Canada
The British unwisely attacked many outposts instead of concentrating on Montreal and Quebec
If those 2 cities had fallen, the smaller outposts would have fallen because of lack of supplies
British experienced continuous defeats in America and Europe early in the war and are shown to be weaker than everyone believed

20. British are finally led to victory by their Prime Minister William Pitt
He concentrated British forces on Canada (Quebec-Montreal) and withdrew from the West Indies,
In 1759 the Battle of Quebec was fought
British made a secret move at night up a poorly guarded rocky cliff protecting Quebec
Next morning the French defeated and Quebec surrendered
In 1760 Montreal fell, marking the end of France in Canada

21. Treaty of Paris (1763) ends the war and established Britain as the dominant power in North America
France removed as a power from North America; French population stayed, governed by the British
France gave to Spain (to compensate their ally for their losses) Louisiana and New Orleans
Spain gave much of Florida to Britain
Britain gave Cuba back to Spain (Havana had fallen to British during war)
PROBLEM IS THAT WAR SHOWED BRITISH WERE VULNERABLE AND NOT THE STRONG POWER EVERYONE BELIEVED THEY WERE

22. North America, Before and After the French and Indian War 1754 1763

23. War results in Confidence for Colonists and Debt for English
As a result of the war colonists had increased confidence in their military strength and their military had gained valuable experience
The myth of British military invincibility was shattered after Braddock’s defeat
The British viewed colonists with contempt; colonists wanted respect and recognition of their contribution

24. Causes of colonial disunity
Enormous distances from each other
Geographical barriers
Conflicting religions
Nationalities
Different types of colonial governments
Boundary disputes
Resentment of backcountry against elites

25. Spanish and Indians weakened
Spain was removed from Florida
Although still controlling New Orleans, Louisiana, and western 1/2 of present-day US
Indians lost their most powerful tool – the ability to play off rival European powers against each other
Indians would now have to negotiate exclusively with the British

26. Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)
Indian drive to remove British from Ohio
The Indians overran British posts west of the Appalachians; 2,000 soldiers & settlers killed
British counterattack and crush the rebellion
Sent smallpox-infected blankets to Indians
The rebellion convinced the British of the need for stable relations with the Indians and need to keep troops on the western border (for which colonists would be asked to pay)

27. The First Step to Revolution
After the defeat of the French, the colonists felt free to cross the Appalachian mountains and settle western lands but the English would not allow it.
The Proclamation of 1763
British government prohibited white settlement west of Appalachian Mountains
Not designed to oppress colonists, but to work out problems with Indians and prevent another uprising like Pontiac’s Rebellion ...to expensive to keep troops there
Some moved in defiance of the proclamation

28. Settled Areas at End of French and Indian War, 1763 and the Proclamation of 1763

29. England wins European Battle for the New World
Keys to the Chapter
England wins European Battle for the New World
2.Colonists realize that despite victory British are not as powerful as they thought
3. Colonists allied with British during war which ends in 1763 but just 12 years later they are enemies and the cause of this are the debts which arose fighting this war.