1. LO: To revise why The Second Crusade Failed
Learning Outcomes
By the end of this lesson you will be able to…
Describe the key reasons E-D
Explain why The Second Crusade failed C-B
Judge the most important reasons A-A*

2. On your desk is a fact test. You have 5 minutes! Go!
LO: To revise why The
Second Crusade Failed
Describe the key reasons E-D
Explain why The Second Crusade failed C-B
Judge the most important reasons A-A
Task: Once you are in and
Settled…
On your desk is a
fact test.
You have 5 minutes!
Go!

3. LO: To revise why The Second Crusade Failed
Describe the key reasons E-D
Explain why The Second Crusade failed C-B
Judge the most important reasons A-A
1) Name two treaties between the Muslims and the Franks
2) Who died in 1104, leaving divisions in Damascus   
3) Describe the strength of the army of Jerusalem in 1115
4) What was the response of Baghdad to a plea for help from Damascus in 1100?
5) Who helped Baldwin I capture Arsuf in 1101?
6) Which year was the supporting Crusade launched by Pope Paschal II and who was on it? (three names)
7) At what battle did Stephen of Blois rescue Baldwin I?
8) Name the treaty signed with Venice in 1124
9) How many knights did Fulcher of Chartres say were in the Kingdom in 1101?
10 Where had the Normans previously conquered?
11) Describe the tax on Muslims established by Outremer
12) Name the settlements built around Outremer
13) Who did Baldwin allow to stay in Sidon in 1111?
14) What did Fulcher say of integration in 1115?
15) Name three ports captured by Baldwin I and their dates of Capture
16) Which city surrendered quickly in 1104 after Baldwin’s slaughter of Caesarea?
17) What did Baldwin give his nobles instead of Land?
18) How many settlements and fortified sites were constructed?
19) How many castles were built ?
20) Name the castles that protected from Egypt

4. LO: To revise why The Second Crusade Failed
Describe the key reasons E-D
Explain why The Second Crusade failed C-B
Judge the most important reasons A-A
1) Name two treaties between the Muslims and the Franks
Ridwan of Allepo and Tancred of Antioch, Roger of Antioch and Muslims living around Antioch.
2) Who died in 1104, leaving divisions in Damascus
Duqaq of Damascus
3) Describe the strength of the army of Jerusalem in 1115
6000 men, 1000 knights, 5000 Turkopoles
4) What was the response of Baghdad to a plea for help from Damascus in 1100?
They ignored it, too busy fighting with each other.
5) Who helped Baldwin I capture Arsuf in 1101?
The Genoese
6) Which year was the supporting Crusade launched by Pope Paschal II and who was on it? (three names)
1101, Stephen of Blois, Hugh of Vermandois, Wulf of Bavaria
7) At what battle did Stephen of Blois rescue Baldwin I?
Ramla 1102 – he died in the process.
8) Name the treaty signed with Venice in 1124
Pactum Warmundi
9) How many knights did Fulcher of Chartres say were in the Kingdom in 1101?
300 Knights.
 10 Where had the Normans previously conquered?
Sicily 1191.
11) Describe the tax on Muslims established by Outremer
Poll tax of one Dinar.
12) Name the settlements built around Outremer
Villeneuves
13) Who did Baldwin allow to stay in Sidon in 1111?
Muslim Farmers who were useful.
14) What did Fulcher say of integration in 1115?
“We who were Occidentals have now been made Orientals”
15) Name three ports captured by Baldwin I and their dates of Capture
Arsuf 1101, Beirut 1110, Sidon 1111, Acre 1104
16) Which city surrendered quickly in 1104 after Baldwin’s slaughter of Caesarea?
Acre
17) What did Baldwin give his nobles instead of Land?
Money fiefs
18) How many settlements and fortified sites were constructed?
200 settlements, 165 fortified sites.
19) How many castles were built ? 25
20) Name the castles that protected from Egypt
Ibelin, Blanchegarde, Bethgibelin.

5. LO: To revise why The Second Crusade Failed
Describe the key reasons E-D
Explain why The Second Crusade failed C-B
Judge the most important reasons A-A
So what are the key things we need to
Know about the Second Crusade?
Circumstances in Outremer in 1130s and 1140s
Rise of Zengi and the development of Jihad
Taking of Edessa (1144)
Bernard of Clairvaux and the call for Second Crusade
Reasons for the failure of the Second Crusade; events in Anatolia, Antioch, Acre (1147–1148); siege of Damascus (1148)
The Islamic response to the Second Crusade;
The impact of the failure of the Second Crusade on the West, Outremer and the Islamic world.
Some comparisons can be drawn with First Crusade

6. LO: To revise why The Second Crusade Failed
Describe the key reasons E-D
Explain why The Second Crusade failed C-B
Judge the most important reasons A-A
What has been asked before?
How important was Muslim unity to the failure of the Second Crusade?
Explain why Bernard of Clairvaux preached the Second Crusade.
How important was a lack of clear aims in explaining the failure of the Second Crusade?
Explain why Bernard of Clairvaux preached the Second Crusade
How far was Bernard of Clairvaux responsible for the failure of the Second Crusade
Explain why Edessa was captured in 1144
Explain why Pope Eugenius III called the Second Crusade
How far was the failure of the Second Crusade the responsibility of the Franks of
Outremer?
How far was the failure of the Second Crusade due to the lack of help from Byzantium?
Explain why Byzantium was hostile to the Second Crusade.

7. Failure of the Second Crusade
LO: To revise why The
Second Crusade Failed
Describe the key reasons E-D
Explain why The Second Crusade failed C-B
Judge the most important reasons A-A
What are the key areas we have to discuss?
Lack of Clear Aims
Muslim Unity
Failure of the Second Crusade
Relations with
Crusader States
Weak Leadership
Logistical
Difficulties
Lack of Byzantine Help

8. Lack of Clear Aims LO: To revise why The Second Crusade Failed
Describe the key reasons E-D
Explain why The Second Crusade failed C-B
Judge the most important reasons A-A
Lack of Clear Aims
- Quantum Praedecessores mentioned Edessa but did not explicitly say city should be recaptured.
- Papal Bull did not name Zenghi as an enemy of the Crusader States
- Vague challenge to defend Jerusalem and imitate deeds of the First Crusade.
- Lack of clarity from Quantum Praedecessores led to arguments between leaders.
- Other Crusades launched against the Wends in Baltic and Muslims in Iberia.
- Crusade’ meant different things to different groups – against Jews in Germany, pagans in
Eastern Europe, Muslims in southern Spain and Muslims in Lisbon.
- People desired spiritual reward in return for service, not through a desire to rescue the East.
E.g. Louis VII at Vitry, Conrad III wished to demonstrate Piety and Prestige. Alfonso VII of Castile
Attacked Almeria in Spain
Bernard of Clairvaux supported Crusade against the Muslims of Lisbon.
Conrad and Louis pursuing separate agendas to those of the Crusader States.
Raymond of Antioch wanted campaign against Aleppo and Shaizar to secure Antioch
Decision to attack Damascus debated as a poor one.

9. Weak Leadership LO: To revise why The Second Crusade Failed
Describe the key reasons E-D
Explain why The Second Crusade failed C-B
Judge the most important reasons A-A
Weak Leadership
Louis VII provided weak leadership in the journey through Anatolia where he failed to maintain
discipline, and then abandoned his army at Attalia. He made significant mistakes at Antioch
where he refused to aid Raymond in attacking Aleppo. He can also be criticised for his role
in the decision to attack Damascus in July 1148 and then shift the siege army. Although
Louis remained in Jerusalem until Easter 1149 he attempted nothing more.
- Lack of supplies leads to breakdown in discipline in Louis’ army. Could not stop viol
Arrogance of Louis VII and Conrad III meant they did not consult with Outremer.
Demanding journey through Anatolia, nobles demand council with Conrad and agree to
Turn back, a humiliating retreat! When back at Nicea many returned home.
Louis VII defeat at Mount Cadmus, army harrassed by Turkish Archers, Louis barely escapes.
After Cadmus Louis handed over running of the entire French Army to Templars.
Louis abandons army at Adalia January 1148 and sailed on to Syria with his knights. Most of
Those left behind died of starvation or at hands of Turkish archers.
- Conrad III arrives by himself at Acre, having sailed from Constantinople.
Army of Louis VII lacks equipment and men for siege warfare, worrying about cost of campaign
Conrad blamed failure of Crusade on Baldwin III, intended to shift blame from himself.

10. Lack of Byzantine Help LO: To revise why The Second Crusade Failed
Describe the key reasons E-D
Explain why The Second Crusade failed C-B
Judge the most important reasons A-A
Lack of Byzantine Help
The French accused the Emperor Manuel of colluding with the Turks. Some French wanted to
Attack Constantinople according to Odo of Deuil.
Conflict with Roger of Sicily meant Roger unlikely to help the Germans.
- The Crusade was an inconvenience and so the Emperor gave it little encouragement. Manuel had
a peaceful alliance with the Sultan of Rum Masud, which was threatened by the Crusade.
- Byzantium had to co-exist peacefully with the Turks once the crusaders had been and gone.
Manuel had little incentive to aid the crusaders having seen how Baldwin and Bohemond
refused to restore territory to Byzantium during the First Crusade.
- The actions of the crusaders in pillaging Greek towns led to Manuel refusing to provide
supplies and ordering his troops to defend his people – Greeks ended up fighting fellow
Christians, weakening the crusader force.
- He gave limited aid to the Germans (guides and troops) with the result that 90% of Conrad’s
force was wiped out near Dorylaeum.
- He failed to provide more than a couple of ships when Louis needed transport to Antioch. The
bulk of Louis’s army then travelled on by foot and was destroyed by the Turks.
- Manuel was more concerned with Byzantium’s position within the region than the fate of the
Latin states.
- His concern was the Normans in Sicily, to which end he had made an alliance with Germany,
Venice and the Papacy. The Crusade shattered this proposal.
- In 1148 Manuel and Conrad renewed their vow to attack Sicily.

11. Relations with Crusader States
LO: To revise why The
Second Crusade Failed
Describe the key reasons E-D
Explain why The Second Crusade failed C-B
Judge the most important reasons A-A
Relations with Crusader States
Raymond of Antioch realises Crusaders unlikely to attempt to take Edessa.
By this point Edessa empty and in ruins. Raymond had rivalry with Count Joscelin.
Raymond of Antioch wanted campaign against Aleppo and Shaizar to secure Antioch.
Louis VII refuses Raymond’s request.
Crusaders and Antioch at loggerheads over Raymond's relationship with with Louis’ wife
Eleanor of Aquitaine, his niece!
24th June 1148 Grand Council of Acre. Baldwin III, Melisende, Conrad, Louis.
Decides to attack Damascus.
Unur of Damascus sent messages to Baldwin III claiming Crusaders would take Damascus
For themselves. Led to divisions in camp at Damascus. Arguments over who would have rights
To the city.
War Council on 27th July, Crusaders switch their attack, allegedly on advice of Outremer
Knights. East side of Damascus just as strong and Crusaders forced into a humiliating retreat.
Conrad directly blamed Baldwin II for his defeat. Said in a letter to Wibald, regent of Germany,
that nobles of Jerusalem had been bribed.

12. Muslim Unity LO: To revise why The Second Crusade Failed
Describe the key reasons E-D
Explain why The Second Crusade failed C-B
Judge the most important reasons A-A
Muslim Unity
- Marriage alliance between Nur al-din and Unur of Damascus had grown strength of Muslim
Forces.
At Damascus inhabitants gather in the Great Mosque. Sacred Koran used.
Leadership of Unur at Damascus. Muslim force very strong.
Damascus one of the holiest cities in Islam. Muslims determined to hold on to such an
Important spiritual centre. Messiah meant to arrive there on the day of judgement.
Death of Zenghi led to rise of Nur al-Din. His energetic leadership saw Jihad grow.
Immenent appearance of reinforcements under Nur al-din
Muslim revival lay in greater political stability and direction of resources.
Jihad provided a respectable ideology for Arab rulers to consolidate power.
After this Jihad conditioned the political elites to accept that, regardless of
Temporary politicking and truces, the Franks were ultimately an eternal enemy
To be expelled.
Growth of Madrasas in Syria
Cultural and architectural revolution.
Jihad evidence in Syria
Frontier warfare with Outremer
Fear of Franks spread intolerance

13. Logistical Difficulties
LO: To revise why The
Second Crusade Failed
Describe the key reasons E-D
Explain why The Second Crusade failed C-B
Judge the most important reasons A-A
Logistical Difficulties
Poor harvests in 1140s meant Conrad and Louis could only raise funds from Churches + towns.
Louis had to write to French regent Abbot Suger of Denis asking for more money shortly
After he set off.
Disagreements between Roger II of Sicily and Manuel I Comnenus meant support unlikely
Conrad III’s army numbered over 30,000. Slow progress meant only 10 miles a day.
Food from local Byzantine markets were not enough to feed Crusaders.
Non-combatants swelled the numbers of recruits all needed food, water and shelter.
Flash flood near Constantinople wiped out many German men and equipment
German food ran out 10 days after they left Nicea.
Conrad’s constant foraging for food meant supply parties got attacked by Seljuk raids.
Louis VII’s army followed same route as Conrad’s only deepened the issues.
Army of Louis VII lacks equipment and men for siege warfare, worrying about cost of campaign
Damascus attacked with very little food and water.

14. LO: To revise why The
Second Crusade Failed
Describe the key reasons E-D
Explain why The Second Crusade failed C-B
Judge the most important reasons A-A
How important was a lack of clear aims in explaining the failure of the Second Crusade? (30)

15. LO: To revise why The Second Crusade Failed
Describe the key reasons E-D
Explain why The Second Crusade failed C-B
Judge the most important reasons A-A

16. LO: To revise why The Second Crusade Failed
Describe the key reasons E-D
Explain why The Second Crusade failed C-B
Judge the most important reasons A-A

17. LO: To revise why The Second Crusade Failed
Describe the key reasons E-D
Explain why The Second Crusade failed C-B
Judge the most important reasons A-A