1. Presenter- Arshardh Ifthikar
Analysis of Historical Accident Data to Determine Accident Prone Locations and Cause of Accidents
Presenter- Arshardh Ifthikar

2. Domain
1Billion ▲
In 2011

3. Problem
Nearly 1.3 million people die in road crashes each year, on average 3,287 deaths a day.
An additional million are injured or disabled.
More than half of all road traffic deaths occur among young adults ages
Road traffic crashes rank as the 9th leading cause of death and account for 2.2% of all deaths globally.
Road crashes are the leading cause of death among young people ages 15-29, and the second leading cause of death worldwide among young people ages 5-14.
Each year nearly 400,000 people under 25 die on the world's roads, on average over 1,000 a day.
Over 90% of all road fatalities occur in low and middle-income countries, which have less than half of the world's vehicles.
Road crashes cost USD $518 billion globally, costing individual countries from 1-2% of their annual GDP.
Road crashes cost low and middle-income countries USD $65 billion annually, exceeding the total amount received in developmental assistance.

4. Determining the Road Defects Impact on Accident Severity
Esmaeili, A., Khalili, M., and Pakgohar, A
Lack of caution at accident-prone locations is also a major cause of accidents.
For an example, if a specific part of a road has less visibility, and as a result, frequent accidents occur, the drivers may not anticipate such a threat unless the person is from that specific area.

5. 34% 36% Motivation EUROPE IRAN
OF TOTAL ACCIDENTS ARE REPORTED DUE TO UNSAFE ROADS

6. A mechanism for Perspective Analysis of Traffic Accident using Data Mining Techniques.
S.Krishnaveni and Dr.M.Hemalatha
It deals with comparing classification models to predict the severity of the injury that occurred during a traffic accident. The author has compared Naive Bayes Bayesian classifier, AdaBoostM1 Meta classifier, PART Rule classifier, J48 Decision Tree classifier and Random Forest Tree classifier for classifying the type of injury severity of various traffic accidents. The final result shows that the Random Forest outperforms other algorithms.

7. A review of The Effect of Traffic and Weather Characteristics on Road Safety.
Yannis T.H.
This research attempts to identify the relationship between traffic patterns and weather condition on the accident rate. The research determines the traffic flow seems to have a non-linear relationship with accident rates, even though some studies suggest a linear relationship with accidents. Pertaining to the relationship with the weather, the impact of precipitation is very steady and leads for the most part to expanded accident recurrence. The author also suggests that the increasing use of real-time data not only makes easier to identify the safety impact of traffic and weather characteristics, but most importantly makes possible the identification of their combined effect which may address several of the research gaps identified in the research conducted.

8. Analysis of accidents on small portion NH-3 Indore to Dhamnod.
K. Meshram and H.S. Goliya
The data for analysis is collected for the period from 2009 to September It has been identified that more accidents occurred in Manpur region by faulty road geometry. The pattern of accidents occurred in urban areas (Indore) has contributed more than 35 % of the total accidents in each year. The research done states this may be due to high speeds and more vehicular traffic. In the considered study area, the frequency of accidents were two fatal accidents and six minor accidents per week. A higher number of accidents are said to be observed from 6 pm to 8 pm duration because in that time more buses travel connecting villages and the city.

9. Data Analytics on Accident Data for Smarter Cities and Safer Lives
Abhinav Shikhar, Naveen JS, Sowmya B J, KG Srinivas
The focus is laid on the application of data analytics to predict and reduce the impact of the accidents and uncover the relevant trends by training the system with the past data using decision tree methodology. The major causes leading to the accidents are identified and analysed using some of the relevant attributes such as alcohol consumption, hit-and-run cases etc.

10. Prediction of the Cause of Accident and Accident Prone Location on Roads Using Data Mining Techniques
Kaur, M. G., & Harpreet Kaur, E
predicting the probability of accidents by estimating the severity of accidents based on the type of accident and type of spot. The type of spots considered are straight roads, cross-intersection, r-intersection, y-intersection, toll plaza, narrow bridge and near the curve. The frequency of traffic collision of roads is analysed using correlation analysis and exploratory visualization techniques. The above- mentioned paper concludes that the accidents on State Highways occur on Straight roads and on Ordinary District Roads, the accidents can occur on other type of spots such as Cross-Intersections, R-intersections and Straight roads but majorly on Cross- intersections. Also, the main type of accident that occurs is Head on collisions on both Highways and Ordinary District Roads.

11. Proposed Work

12. Data Set Date Day Longitude Latitude Accident Severity
Number of Vehicles
Number of Casualties
Time
Road Type
Speed limit
Junction Detail
Junction Control
Light Conditions
Weather Conditions
Road Surface Conditions
Special Conditions at Site

13. Clustering
DBSCAN (Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise)
K-Means
LCGM (Latent Class Growth Modelling)
BIRCH (Balanced Iterative Reducing and Clustering using Hierarchies)
CURE (Clustering Using REpresentatives)

14. Clustering Result

15. Cause Identification H(S) = − Σx∈X p(x) log2 p(x) H(S) is the entropy
Column Names
Entropy
Two Most Common Items
Day
[(3, 7), (4, 5)]
Accident Severity
[(3, 22), (2, 4)]
Number of Vehicles
[(1, 15), (2, 10)]
Time
[(13, 3), (08, 3)]
Light Conditions
[(1, 15), (4, 11)]
Weather Conditions
[(1, 23), (2, 3)]
Road Surface Conditions
[(1, 31), (2, 5)]
Special Conditions at Site
[(3, 26)]
Carriageway Hazards
[(0, 26)]
H(S) = − Σx∈X p(x) log2 p(x)
H(S) is the entropy
p(x) is the number of successful cases
X is the set of all the events
x is one event out of those, used one at a time

16. Road sign or Marking Defective or Obscured
Cause Identification
Column Names
Entropy
Two Most Common Items
Day
[(3, 7), (4, 5)]
Accident Severity
[(3, 22), (2, 4)]
Number of Vehicles
[(1, 15), (2, 10)]
Time
[(13, 3), (08, 3)]
Light Conditions
[(1, 15), (4, 11)]
Weather Conditions
[(1, 23), (2, 3)]
Road Surface Conditions
[(1, 31), (2, 5)]
Special Conditions at Site
[(3, 26)]
Carriageway Hazards
[(0, 26)] ▼
Road sign or Marking Defective or Obscured

17. Proposed System

18. Related Work Comparison
Other systems, as mentioned in the related work, classify all accidents based on attributes such as, the type of road and the weather condition. But the proposed solution suggests a system where the accidents in each accident-prone location are classified separately on attributes such as road surface condition and weather condition, in order to determine the cause of accidents at accident- prone locations. This gives the resulting data more value and interpretability.

19. Conclusion
This study discusses different attempts made to determine the causes of accidents using different algorithms and datasets with attributes such as weather, type of intersection and road geometry. It also proposes a system which clusters accidents based on its location given via latitudes and longitudes and subsequently determines the cause of an accident based on historical data. These data can be used by authorities to rectify issues in roads and also for drivers to be vigilant on accident-prone areas.

20. Future Work
The proposed system is still at the concept stage, and it needs to be implemented and evaluated for its efficiency.
Driverless cars were an emerging field in the past few years, but it has become a reality by now. This system can be used for fully autonomous cars to take precautions at dangerous road sections. Fully autonomous cars can contribute to this system too once an accident takes place. Once such a system is introduced, it will help the community to build trust in fully autonomous cars, which is a challenge faced by autonomous car manufacturers

21. Thank You Very Much !